!i! 









I 




iV; 



STATE AND COUNTY 
EDUCATIONAL REORGANIZATION 



TEXT-BOOK SERIES IN EDUCATION 



THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION 

By Paul Monroe, Ph.D., Teachers College, Columbia University. 

THE PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION 

By Ernest N. Henderson, Ph.D., Adelphi College. 

STATE AND COUNTY EDUCATIONAL REORGANIZATION 
By Ellwood P. Cubberley, Ph.D., Leland Stanford Junior Uni- 
versity. 

TO BE ISSUED 

PRINCIPLES OF STATE AND COUNTY SCHOOL ADMIN- 
ISTRATION 
By Ellwood P. Cubberley, Ph.D., Leland Stanford Junior Uni- 
versity, and Edward C. Elliott, Ph.D., University of Wis- 
consin. 



SOURCE BOOK SERIES IN EDUCATION 



A SOURCE BOOK IN THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION FOR 
THE GREEK AND ROMAN PERIODS 
By Paul Monroe, Ph.D., Teachers College, Columbia University. 

TO BE ISSUED 

A SOURCE BOOK IN STATE, AND COUNTY SCHOOL 
ADMINISTRATION 
By Ellwood P. Cubberley, Ph.D., and Edward C. Elliott, Ph.D. 

SELECTED LEGAL DECISIONS RELATING TO EDUCA- 
TION 
By Edward C. Elliott. 



STATE AND COUNTY 

EDUCATIONAL 

REORGANIZATION 

THE REVISED CONSTITUTION AND 

SCHOOL CODE OF THE STATE 

OF OSCEOLA 



BY 



ELLWOOD P. CUBBERLEY 

f ; 
PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION, LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR 
UNIVERSITY 



'Etta gorft 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

1914 

Ail rights reserved 



V 



Copyright, 1914, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published July, 1914. 



/ 

' * 



J. S. CushlBg Co. — Berwick & Smith Oo. 
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



©C1,A376602 
JUL -yi'di- 



K^ ^ 



PREFACE 

The revision of the Article on Education of the Consti- 
tution and the Revised School Code which follows it, for 
the hypothetical state of Osceola, which is presented in the 
following pages, is an expression, in concrete form, of cer- 
tain fundamental principles relating to the administration of 
public education in the United States which the author of 
this Constitution and Code, in collaboration with Professor 
Edward C. Elliott, of the University of Wisconsin, expects 
to set forth, a little later, in a book to be entitled Principles 
of State and County School AdTninistration. It was origi- 
nally intended that this Constitution and Code should form 
a part of a companion volume of Sources^ — a volume of illus- 
trative supreme court decisions, laws, extracts from public 
documents, etc., — but the size of the material here presented 
made it seem desirable that this be issued as a separate vol- 
ume, as will also be done in the case of the Legal Decisions. 

Osceola is, of course, a hypothetical state, supposed to be 
located somewhere in the upper Mississippi Valley, and to 
contain a few large manufacturing and commercial cities, a 
number of smaller cities, and large and important rural and 
agricultural interests. The state is not supposed to be one 
of more than average size or wealth, but it is supposed to be 
one which has recently become clearly conscious of the need 
and purpose of public education, and to have resolutely set 
to work to perfect an administrative organization for its 
schools capable of meeting the educational needs of the 
future. It has accordingly made education an important 
state interest in its new constitution, organized a strong and 
helpful state department of education, and abolished the 



vi Preface 

district system of school administration for a county-unit 
system, under which rapid and substantial educational prog- 
ress may now be made. 

To give greater concreteness to the material here pre- 
sented the supposed comments and explanations of the Con- 
stitutional Convention and the subsequent Educational Code 
Commission are appended as footnotes, and a few illustrative 
forms are added in an Appendix. The analytical table of 
contents of the Constitution and Code will display the plan 
of educational reorganization adopted, while the Index will 
serve to locate material in the Constitution or the Code. 

It cannot be hoped that all of the material here presented 
will meet with general approval. Some of the features look 
clearly to the future, and their importance may not at first be 
recognized. There may also be some important omissions in 
the Code. Many minor details, contained in present-day 
School Codes, have been omitted purposely, as unnecessary 
under the new form of educational organization and admin- 
istration here presented. In its larger outlines, though, it 
is felt that this hypothetical Constitution and Code embody 
the main lines along which we must travel in the future 
if substantial educational progress is to be made by our 
American states. 

The essential features of this Constitution and Code are a 
strong and useful state administrative educational organiza- 
tion, possessed of power where power ought to be central- 
ized, but with little power in matters of essentially local 
concern ; the county-unit of school organization and admin- 
istration, with a business and professional organization capa- 
ble of securing important educational results ; the abolition 
of the outworn and obstructive district system ; the elimina- 
tion of party politics from the selection of expert educational 
officers, election to and retention of these positions being 
based on merit and efficiency ; the concentration of authority 
with and responsibility on these experts, both in the cities 



Preface vii 

and in the county-districts ; the uniting of library and school, 
and provision for making the schools community centers ; 
the provision for industrial and agricultural education ; the 
pooling of costs on a large scale, with a view to equalizing 
largely the burdens of maintenance ; a perfectly definite 
yet somewhat complicated scheme for the apportionment 
of funds, designed to stimulate and reward effort, and to 
penalize inactivity ; large local freedom, so that each local 
supervisory unit may make independent progress, as it de- 
sires, instead of being tied to a uniform state system ; a 
strong state system for the certification of teachers and su- 
pervisory officers, calculated to stimulate professional growth, 
and under which each new certificate means added knowledge 
and professional insight ; a follow-up system which will tend 
to keep teachers in service professionally alive ; what is 
believed to be good principles governing compulsory attend- 
ance ; and a clear statement of the relation of state to non- 
state educational effort. 

It is hoped that this Constitution and Code for Osceola 
may prove useful as a basis for discussion to students of 
educational administration in colleges and universities, and 
suggestive of lines of reform to members of Educational 
Code Commissions and legislatures, and to students of edu- 
cational administration. 

ELLWOOD P. CUBBERLEY. 

Stanford University, Cal., 
February lo, 19 14. 



ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 

L REVISED CONSTITUTION OF OSCEOLA, 

1913 

Article IX. Education 

SECTION PAGE 

1. Mandate 3 

2. Scope of the S3^stem ......... 4 

3. A state school-system ........ 4 

4. Administration of the system .5 

5. Powers and duties of the state board 5 

6. The commissioner of education ...... 7 

7. The state school-fund . 8 

8. Taxation for education ........ 9 

9. County educational organization 10 

10. School corporations and taxation . . . . . .11 

11. Sectarian schools . .11 

12. Exemption from taxation . . . . . . . .12 

13. Courses of study ; text-books .12 

14. Term ; extension education . 12 

15. The University of Osceola 13 

II. REVISED SCHOOL CODE 
TITLE I. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 

CHAPTER I. STATE EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION 

Article i. The State ] 

I. A state school-system 17 

2 Scope of the system ' . . . .18 

3. Oversight and control 18 

Article 2. The State Board of Education 

4. Appointment and term ........ 19 

5. Organization and meetings ....... 19 

ix 



X Analytical Table of Contents 

SECTION PAGE 

6. Executive officers . . . . . . . . . 20 

7. General powers and duties 2o 

8. New legislation .......... 24 

9. Administration of oaths ........ 24 



Article j. The State Educational Department 

10. Organization of the department 

1 1 . State commissioner of education 

12. Divisions of the state department 

(i) Business division 

(2) Legal division 

(3) Statistical division 

(4) Library and extension division 

(5) Museum and science-extension division 

(6) Schoolhouse-construction and sanitation division 

(7) Child-welfare division .... 

(8) Rural- and agricultural-education division . 

(9) Elementary-education division 

(10) Secondary-education division 

(11) Special-class-education division ... 

(12) Examining, certificating, and pensioning division 

(13) Training-of-teachers division 

(14) Art and music division .... 

(15) Industrial- and vocational-education division 

(16) Information and extension division 

(17) Editorial division 

13. Publications ..... 

(i) Monthly circular of information 

(2) Bulletins .... 

(3) Annual Reports . 

(4) The School Code 



24 

25 
27 
27 
28 
29 
29 
30 
30 
31 
31 
32 
32 
32 
33 
33 
34 
34 
34 
35 
35 
35 
35 
36 
37 



CHAPTER II. COUNTY EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION 
Article 4. County Boards of Education 

14. County the unit of organization . • . . . . -38 

15. County boards of education ....... 38 

16. Vacancies, and removal from office ...... 39 

17. Meetings of county boards . . . . . • • 39 

18. Powers and duties . . -39 



Analytical Table of Contents 



XI 



Article ^. Cou7ity School Officers 

SECTION J J JJ 

19. County superintendents of education 

20. Other officers of tlie board 

21. Assistant superintendents and other officers 

22. Advisory educational board 

23. Superintendent's powers and duties . 

24. Powers and duties of the secretary 

25. Powers and duties of other county educational officers 

Article 6. Comity Educational Reorganization 

26. Control of existing school-districts 

27. Reorganization commission 

28. Survey to be made ..... 

29. Powers of the commission 

30. Superintendent's approval of plan 

31. Penalty for failure ..... 



PAGE 

44 
46 

47 
47 
48 

52 
54 



55 
55 
56 
56 
57 
58 



CHAPTER III. DISTRICT EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION 

Article 7. Classification and Management of Districts 

32. Classification of districts 59 

33. County school-districts . 59 

Second-class attendance-subdistricts ..... 59 
First-class attendance-subdistricts . . . . -59 
Joint subdistricts ........ 60 

34. City school-districts ......... 60 

Second-class city school-districts ..... 61 

First-class city school-districts . . . . . .61 

35. Existing districts 61 

36. Attendance-subdistrict school officers . . . . .62 

Second-class attendance-subdistricts ..... 62 

First-class attendance-subdistricts ..... 62 

37. City boards of education 64 

38. Old boards may continue ........ 64 

39. Creation of city school-districts ....... 65 



Article 8. 

40. June school elections 

41. Notices of elections . 

42. Nature of election notices 

43. Electors and ballots . 

44. Intent of this article . 



The School Elections 



67 

67 

68 
69 
69 



xu 



Analytical Table of Contents 



.Article g. Powers and Duties of School Boards 

SECTION "^ PAGE 

45. In county districts 70 

In second-class attendance-subdistricts .... 70 

In first-class attendance-subdistricts ..... 71 

46. City school-districts of the second class 72 

Article 10. Educational Organization in Cities of 
the First Class 



47. 
48. 

49. 
50. 

SI- 

52. 

S3' 
BA- 
SS' 



Organization and committees 

Executive officers 

Division of powers and duties . 

The superintendent of education 

The business manager 

The superintendent of properties 

The superintendent of school attendance 

General powers and duties of boards . 

Combined city and county governments 



76 
76 
76 

77 
78 
78 
79 

79 
80 



TITLE II. THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 



56. 

57- 
58. 

59- 
60. 

61. 

62. 



63- 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 



CHAPTER IV. 



ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY 
INSTRUCTION 



Article 11 

Extent 

Classification of schools 
Intermediate schools . 
Basis for classification 
Kindergartens . 
Schools for special classes 
Special schools for negroes 



General Definitions 



Article 12. Attendance and Term 



Age limits 

Exclusion from school 

Time and term . 

School holidays 

Definition of months and days 



Article 13. Instruction 

68. Elementary-school instruction . 

69. Intermediate-school instruction . 



81 
81 
82 
82 
83 
83 
83 



84 
85 
85 
85 
86 



86 
87 



Analytical Table of Contents 



xm 



SECTION 



70. 

71- 



72. 

73- 

74. 

75- 
76. 

77- 



78. 

79- 
80. 
81. 
82. 

83. 
84. 
85. 



93- 

94. 

95- 
96. 

97. 



Secondary-school instruction 
Language of instruction 



Article 14. Secondary- school Advantages 

Types of schools in cities . 
Secondary-schools in county districts 
Approved secondary-schools 
Reasonable advantages must be provided 
Commissioner to investigate 
Admission to the state university 



89 
89 
89 
90 
90 

91 



CHAPTER V. 



VOCATIONAL AND SUPPLEMENTAL 
EDUCATION 



Article 15. Vocational Education 

Work provided for . 92 

Definitions of work ......... 92 

Nature of instruction . . . . . . . . .92 

County schools of agriculture . . . . . • • 93 

Courses of instruction in ........ 94 

City industrial and trade schools . . . . . -94 

Courses of instruction in 95 

Approval and certification 95 



Article 16. Supplemental Education 

86. County libraries 

87. County librarians 

88. Central and branch libraries 

89. School libraries to be included 

90. Cities may join . 

91. State librarian the head 

92. State library and museum to cooperate 



95 
96 

97 
97 
98 
98 
99 



CHAPTER VI. 



HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL 
EDUCATION 



Article 17. The University of Osceola 

Culmination of the state system 

Government of . 

Duties and powers of regents 

Support .... 

Instruction 



100 

100 

lOI 

103 
103 



XIV 



Analytical Table of Contents 



SECTION 

98. Scope of instruction . . . 

99. State university the standard 

TITLE III. SUPPORT OF THE SYSTEM 

CHAPTER VII. FUNDS AND TAXATION 

Article 18. State Aid 

100. The state school-fund 

loi. State school-tax 

102. State board expenses 

103. Average daily attendance defined 

104. Local school-funds . 

Article ig. County Taxation 

105. County school-tax 



106. 
107. 
108. 
109. 
no. 



III. 
112. 

113- 



PAGE 

104 

105 



Article 20. District Taxation 



Estimating the district tax 

Subdistrict taxes 

Certifying district taxes for levy 

Levy, and tax limits 

Fiscal year .... 



106 
106 
107 
107 
107 



108 



109 
no 
no 
III 
112 



CHAPTER VIII. APPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS 

Article 21. Basis oj Grants 

State school-fund income 
Apportionment of state school-tax 
Basis of apportionment . 



I. Teacher grants . 
II. Extra school grants . 

III. Library grants . 

IV. Consolidated-school grants 
V. Attendance grants 

114. Division of the state apportionment 

115. Apportionment of the county school-tax 

116. Apportionment of the state school-fund income 

117. County treasurer treasurer for all districts 

118. Use of funds 

119. County treasurer may anticipate revenue 

120. Basis of state apportionment . 



113 
113 
114 
114 
116 
118 
118 
118 
119 
120 
120 
121 
121 
122 
123 



Analytical Table of Contents 



XV 



TITLE IV. ENVIRONMENT AND EQUIPMENT 

CHAPTER IX. SCHOOL BUILDINGS 
Article 22. Provision of Schools Required 

SECTION PAGE 

121. Suitable accommodations required 125 

122. Penalty for failure to provide such . . . . . .125 

123. Use of school buildings . . . . . . . .126 

Article 2j. Plans for School Buildings 

124. State may provide plans . . . . . . . .126 

125. Approval of plans ......... 127 

126. Plumbing facilities ; outbuildings ...... 127 

127. Sanitary surveys ; condemnation of buildings . . . .128 

Article 24. Erection of Buildings; Bonding 

128. Letting of contracts 128 

129. Building by tax or by bonding 129 

130. School-district bonds 129 

131. Sale and redemption of bonds 130 

132. Acquirement, sale, and title to school property . . . 131 

133. State aid for consolidated buildings . . . . . . 131 

134. State aid for county schools of agriculture .... 132 

Article 25. Care of Buildings 

135. Janitors' certificates . . 132 

136. Insurance of buildings 133 



137- 
138. 

139- 
140. 

141. 



142. 

143- 
144. 
145. 



CHAPTER X. HEALTH AND SANITARY CONTROL 

Article 26. Health Inspections, and Purpose 

Health supervision and instruction required . . . •134 
State certification required ....... 134 

Purposes of the work ........ 135 

Clinical child-psychologist . . . . . . .136 

Examinations of teachers and employees ..... 137 

Article 27. Sanitary Control 

Contagious diseases 137 

Vaccination required . 138 

Exclusion from school . . . . . . • .138 

General sanitary control . 139 



XVI 



Analytical Table of Contents 



CHAPTER XI. TEXT-BOOKS AND SUPPLIES 
Article 28. Basis of Supply 

SECTION PAGE 

146. Unit for adoptions . . . 140 

147. State approved lists 140 

148. Books to be furnished free . . . . . . .141 

149. Free school supplies 142 



TITLE V. THE TEACHING FORCE 
CHAPTER XII. THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS 

Article 2g. The State Normal Schools 

150. Schools and purpose 

151. To whom open 

152. The course of instruction 

153. Government of each school 

154. Pov^^ers of boards of trustees 

155. Graduates entitled to certificates 

Article jo. Local Training-schools 



156. County training-classes ...... 

157. City normal schools 

Article ji. The State Teachers College 

158. Location 

1 59. Purpose of the college 



143 

143 

143 
144 

144 
145 



146 
146 



147 
147 



CHAPTER XIII. THE CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS 



Article J2. Examining and Certificating of Teachers 

160. Teachers' certificates required . 

161. Certificates in force continued . 

162. A state system of certificating . 

163. Commissioner to determine details 

164. Interstate comity 

165. Number of examinations, and fees 

166. Registration of certificates required 

167. Success schedules . 

168. Yearly success-grades 

169. Suspension and revocation of certificates 



148 
148 
149 
149 
150 
150 
151 

151 
152 

153 



Analytical Table of Contents 



xvu 



Article jj. Forms of Certificates Granted 
A. Kindergarten Certificates 



I JO. Basis of granting 

171. Permanent kindergarten certificate . 

B. Elementary-school Certificates 

172. Grades of and requirements for 

I. Second-grade certificate 
II. First-grade certificate 

173. Validity and renewals of . 

174. Permanent elementary-school certificate 

C. I nterjnediate- school Certificates 



175. Requirements for ...... 

176. Validity; permanent form .... 

D. Secondary- school Certificates 

177. Requirements for 

178. Validity and renewals ..... 

179. Permanent secondary-school certificates . 

E. Supervisory Certificates 

180. Grades and requirements for . 

I. Second-grade certificate 
II. First-grade certificate . 

181. Validity and renewals 

182. Permanent supervisory certificates . 

F. Vocational-education Certificates 

183. For what work issued 

184. Regular vocational certificates . 

185. Certificates to state subjects 

186. Validity of 

187. Permanent vocational certificates 

188. Special vocational certificates . 

189. Issue and validity .... 



190. 
191. 



G, Special Certificates 

To whom issued 

Validity of special certificates . 



PAGE 

154 



155 
155 
156 

157 
158 



159 
160 



161 
162 
162 



163 
163 
164 
164 
165 



166 
166 
167 
167 
168 
168 
169 



169 
170 



XVlll 



Analytical Table of Contents 



SECTION 

192. Health-officer's certificate . . 

193. Librarian's certificate . . . . 

194. School janitor's certificate .... 

H. Provisional Certificates 

195. County superintendents may issue . 

/. City-district Certificates 

196. State certificates valid in cities 

197. City-district professional examinations 



PAGE 

171 
171 
171 



171 



172 
172 



CHAPTER XIV. APPOINTMENT, TENURE, PAY, 
AND PENSIONS 

Article 34. Appointment and Tenure 

198. By whom appointed , . . 173 

199. Preliminary appointments . . . . . . '173 

20Q. Indefinite tenure . . . . , . . . -174 

201. Termination of contract . . . . . . . -174 

202. Causes for dismissal . -175 

203. Appeal from decisions . . . . . . . -175 

204. Tenure of superintendents . 175 

Article jj. Pay of Teachers 

205. A merit basis . . . . 176 



Article j6. 

206. Plan to be provided 

207. Basis of the pensioning plan . 



Pensions 



176 
177 



CHAPTER XV. 



TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN 
SERVICE 



Article 57. Reading Circles 

208. State reading-circle board 

209. Work of this board . 

210. Contracts for books . 

211. State syllabus to be issued 

212. Books to be studied 

213. Reading-circle examinations 

214. Success-grades on reading-circle work 



178 
178 
179 
179 
180 
180 
180 



Analytical Table of Contents 



XIX 



SECTION 



215. 
216. 



217. 
218. 
219. 
220. 



Validation of certificates for teaching 
Exemptions from reading-circle work 

Article j8. Teachers' Institutes 

Local teachers' meetings and institutes 
Annual county and city institutes 
State department of education to assist . 
State district-institutes 



FAGB 
181 
181 



182 

182 



221. 

222. 
223. 
224. 
225. 
226. 



227. 
228. 
229. 
230. 
231. 
232. 

233- 

234- 

235- 
236. 

237- 
238. 

239- 



240. 
241. 

242. 

243- 
244. 



TITLE VI. STATE OVERSIGHT AND CONTROL 

CHAPTER XVL THE STATE AND THE CHILD 

Article jg. The School Census 

New census to be taken 185 

Tabulation of results 186 

A continuing census 187 

Maintaining the continuing census 187 

Teachers and schools must cooperate . . . . .188 
Census board in cities of the first class . . . . .189 

Article 40. Compulsory Education 

Age limits, and exemptions 190 

Attendance at other than public schools 192 

Duty of person in parental relation 192 

All schools to report 193 

Private and parochial schools to cooperate . . . •194 

Attendance officers to enforce 195 

Arrest of truants . . . 195 

Definition of habitual-truant and school-offender . . .196 

Parental-home schools 197 

Commitment to a parental-home school 198 

Paroled children 200 

Poor-relief for 200 

Blind, deaf, and dumb children .201 

Article 41. Child Labor 

When children must not work 202 

Age-certificates and working-permits 203 

Papers required for working-permits ..... 204 

Nature and use of working-permits 205 

Employers must exhibit permits 205 



XX Analytical Table of Contents 

SECTION PAGE 

245. Illiterate minors . . . . . • . . • 206 

246. Penalty for not attending 206 

Article 42. General Control 

247. State board to make regulations 207 

248. Commissioner of education may remove attendance officers . 207 

249. Disposition of fines 207 

Article 4^. Education of Defectives and Dependents 

250. State and local provisions for 208 

CHAPTER XVII . THE STATE AND NON-STATE 

EFFORT 

Article 44. Private and Parochial Schools 

251. Public education not exclusive . 

252. Approval of schools for attendance . 

253. Appeal from the decision .... 

254. All private and parochial schools to report 

255. State cooperation with .... 

256. Exemption from taxation 

Article 45. Degree-conferring Institutions 

257. State supervision of . ........ 212 

258. Exemption from taxation of . . . . . . .213 

Article 46. Designation and Intent of Act 

259. Official title 213 

260. Intent of act; repealing clause 213 

261. When to take effect ........ 214 

262. Initial appropriation 214 

APPENDICES 

A. Statistics as to the State of Osceola ...... 216 

B. Estimated cost for the State Department of Education, as required 

by Chapter I 218 

C. Estimated state grants, as required by Chapter VIII . . . 223 

D. County educational reorganization, as required by Chapter II, 

Article 6, illustrated by Chippewa County .... 225 

E. The new state apportionment plan illustrated by the apportion- 

ment sheet for Chippewa County ..... 239 

F. Selected success-grades . . . . . . . . 242 

Index to the code 253 



209 
209 
210 
211 
211 
212 



REVISED CONSTITUTION 



ARTICLE rX 
EDUCATION 



THE STATE OF OSCEOLA 
CONSTITUTION OF 1913 

[The following revised constitution is assumed to have been 
framed and adopted by the people in 1913, and the School 
Code of 1 9 14, which follows, is based upon it. Comments 
by the Constitutional Convention and the Code Commission 
are appended as footnotes to each. 

This article is in keeping with the more recent tendencies, 
and is longer than the equivalent article it displaces. At 
the same time it is less minutely specific. ' It embodies in the 
fundamental law the main outHnes of the school system, with- 
out the rigidity in details which characterized the former 
constitution.] 

Article IX. Education 

Sec. I. Mandate. — A general diffusion of knowledge, 
learning, and virtue throughout the state being essential to 
the preservation of repubHcan institutions and the happiness 
of mankind, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to 
encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, hygienic, 
scientific, industrial, and agricultural improvement; to aid 
in the inculcation of the principles of humanity, benevolence, 
economy, industry, honesty, and sobriety; and to provide 
by law for a general and a uniform state system of public 
instruction, wherein tuition shall be free, and which shall 
provide equal opportunity for all.^ 

1 The former age limits are hereby repealed, leaving the extent of the system 
to be determined by the general assembly, and the schools to be open to all 
who can use them. The clause "equal opportunity for all" supersedes the 
clause "equally open to all" of the old constitution. 

3 



4 Educational Reorganization 

Sec. 2. Scope of the system. — The system of public 
instruction provided shall include elementary and secondary 
schools, normal schools, and the state university, and may 
include such additional schools or forms of public instruction 
as are enumerated in Sec. 14 of this article, or as may be 
directed or authorized by the general assembly.^ In provid- 
ing by law for the general and uniform system of public in- 
struction required to be established, the general assembly 
may classify the school corporations or districts of the state 
on the basis of size or form of organization, and grant differ- 
ent powers and duties to the different classifications; and 
may also permit school districts to so classify their schools 
as to separate those who are over-aged, defective, delinquent, 
or of the negro race, if such classification will, in its judg- 
ment, tend to promote better the objects for which the public 
school system has been established. ^ 

Sec. 3. A state school-system. — The school-system of 
this state is hereby declared to be a state school-system, as 
opposed to a series of local and independent school-systems, 
provided by the state in the exercise of its own inherent right 
of preservation and improvement ; and the different county- 
and city-district school-corporations are to be regarded as 
separate and distinct corporations from the civil corporations 
with which they may be wholly or partly coterminous. While 
the different school-corporations may be given large inde- 
pendent authority by the general assembly, they never- 
theless derive their powers from the state,^ rather than from 
the county or city, and such powers are capable of altera- 

* The former minute listing of types of schools is here omitted. The idea 
has been to enimierate only the continuous ones, leaving to time and the people 
the broadening of the system established. 

2 This is to prevent rigidity and a uniformity which restricts advance, and 
also to permit of such segregations as educational interests demand. 

^ This section has been inserted in the new constitution to define clearly the 
state power. 



Revised Constitution 5 

tion, extension, or revocation by the state. To see that the 
state purpose in creating a system of public instruction is 
properly carried out, a state department of education is hereby 
created. 

Sec. 4. Administration of the system. — A state depart- 
ment of education is hereby created,^ and it is intrusted with 
the general administration of the system of public instruction 
to be provided for by law. At the head of this department 
shall be a state board of education, to be composed of seven 
citizens, to be appointed by the governor,^ one each year, 
and for seven-year terms, except that the first seven appoint- 
ments shall be classified by the governor as to length of term 
so as to provide for such future annual appointments. The 
members shall receive their actual traveling and other neces- 
sary expenses, and such honorarium or per diem as shall be 
determined by the general assembly. The governor shall 
also appoint to fill any vacancy, and for the unexpired term. 
This board shall be kept free from political, racial, or sec- 
tarian influences, and, in making the appointments, the 
governor shall be influenced by no other considerations than 
merit and personal fitness. 

Sec. 5. Powers and duties of the state board. — The 
state board of education shall appoint its own executive 
officers, assistants, and agents, without restrictions as to 
residence, and shall fix their terms and compensations, as pro- 
vided for by law; shall have general oversight and control 
of, and shall strive constantly to improve, the system of 
public instruction provided by the state ; shall require reports 

* The idea here is to create a real state department, capable of handling large 
business in a businesslike manner. 

2 Some at first preferred election by the people, but appointment was finally 
chosen as more likely to enlist the services of the best citizens of the state. 
It was desired to secure a board as capable as the university regents or the 
state public service commission have been. The old ex-offi'Cio board, composed 
of state officials, ceases to exist. 



6 Educational Reorganization 

from all educational institutions and parts of institutions, 
supported wholly or in part by the state, and from all pubKc- 
school corporations in the state, and may require reports 
from all other institutions, associations, organizations, or 
corporations engaged in any form of educational work ; ^ 
shall see that the educational laws of the state are properly 
enforced ; shall have power to classify the schools of the state, 
public and private, and to regulate the conferring of degrees 
and diplomas ; shall have exclusive control of the certifica- 
tion of teachers throughout the state; shall have power to 
adopt rules and regulations for the sanitary inspection and 
approval of school buildings, and, in connection with the 
state board of health, for the physical examination and im- 
provement of school children and school employees ; may 
make rules and regulations, not inconsistent with law, for 
the government of the schools of the state, or for the direc- 
tion of its executive ofScers ; shall act as a board of control 
for the state library and the state museum ; ^ shall have general 
supervision of the educational departments of all charitable, 
penal, or reformatory institutions maintained by the state ; ' 
all schools or classes maintained by the state, or by any 
school district, for the training of teachers for the state ;^ 
shall prepare and transmit to the general assembly, bien- 
nially, a detailed budget covering the needed expenses of the 

^ The purpose of this is not to crowd private or parochial institutions, but 
to enable the state board of education to know what are the educational resources 
and activities of this state. 

2 These are essentially educational institutions, and should be under a state 
department of education, and coordinated closely v/ith other educational 
efforts. 

^ This is to secure a better coordination of the educational efforts of the 
state. This is particularly needed in this state, in the case of the reformatory 
schools and the schools for defectives. Only very incidentally have these in- 
stitutions been educational in the past. 

*To secure a coordination of effort and the maintenance of standards. Uni- 
formity is not intended, or necessary. 



Revised Constitution 7 

state department of education, the state normal schools, the 
state library, the state museum, and such other educational 
institutions, maintained by the state, as may in the future be 
placed under its control ; shall make an annual report ^ to the 
governor, which shall be printed and distributed in sufficient 
quantities to meet the needs of the state ; and shall perform 
such additional duties as may be assigned to it, from time to 
time, by the general assembly. The state board of educa- 
tion shall have power, and it shall be their duty, to recommend 
to the general assembly needed or desirable changes in the 
educational legislation of the state, and to this end may sub- 
mit to it proposed changes or additions in the form of general 
recommendations or prepared bills, and, if submitted as bills, 
such must be referred to the proper committees in both the 
house of representatives and the senate. 

Sec. 6. The Commissioner of Education. — The state 
board of education shall appoint, as its chief executive officer, 
a commissioner of education,^ and fix his compensation, which 
shall not be diminished during his term of office. The board 
shall also elect him for such period of time as it may see fit, 
and he shall not be dismissed during such term except for 
cause and by the votes of at least five members of the board. 
He shall act as the chief executive officer of the board, and 
of the state department of education ; shall execute, under 
direction, all educational policies determined upon by the 



^ Education is not, like the meeting of the general assembly, a biennial 
affair. Each year of school work is a unit in itself, and the reports for each year 
should be made when ready. Under the new administration there will be 
enough to report each year to fill a good-sized volume. 

2 This abohshes the politically-elected superintendent of public instruction 
and substitutes an appointed commissioner in his place. The position is here 
placed on the same basis for appointment as is the presidency of the state uni- 
versity, and should be made a position of equal importance, commanding the 
services of a person of equal quality. If filled properly, it is really a more diffi- 
cult position to find a suitable person for. 



8 Educational Reorganization 

state board of education ; and shall interpret, by decisions, the 
meaning and intent of the School Code, and shall serve as a 
court of final appeal in controversies arising over any matter 
coming within the scope of the powers delegated by law to 
school authorities.^ 

Sec. 7. The state school-fund. — The state school-fund 
shall consist of all school-section and other lands heretofore 
or hereafter granted to this state by the national government, 
for the use of public schools ; of the proceeds of the five hun- 
dred acres of land, granted to new states ; the five per centum 
of public-land-sales fund; the saline fund; the swamp-land 
fund ; any lands or money hereafter granted by Congress to 
this state, in payment of old obligations or otherwise, where 
no specific use for such grant is named by Congress; all 
lands or estates which may escheat to the state, for want of 
will or heirs; all property given or bequeathed to the state 
for education, or where no purpose is specified ; all forfeited 
apportionments from the state school-fund or school-tax; 
all fines or penalties inflicted on pubHc-school corporations, 
or on non-state educational agencies, for failure to observe 
the educational laws of the state; and any appropriations 
made for the purpose or funds diverted from other sources 
by the general assembly. This fund shall remain forever 
inviolate and irreducible, and any losses which may occur in 
its management must be replaced from income by the state 
board of education. The management and investment of the 
fund shall be in the hands of the state board of education, and 
the general assembly shall have no power to appropriate, 
borrow, loan, or invest the principal or the income of such 

^ This provides for a quick, cheap, and intelligent decision on all controverted 
points under the school law, and for an intelligent interpretation of the law, 
without the necessity of employing a lawyer or undergoing long delay. The 
commissioner would, of course, not be exempt from the supervision of the courts, 
if acting beyond the scope of his powers. 



Revised Constitutiojt 9 

fund, under any pretext whatsoever ; ^ nor shall the state 
board of education ever invest any of the principal of the fund 
in any bonds of this state, or any subdivision of this state, 
except where such bonds meet the savings-bank requirements 
of the state,^ are purchased in the open market or 
by competitive bidding, and where an adequate provision for 
their redemption has been made.^ The income from the fund, 
including any rentals from unsold lands, together with the state 
tax or appropriation for schools, shall be apportioned each 
year to the different school corporations of this state, and in 
such a manner, to be provided by law, as will tend best to 
equalize both the burdens and the advantages of education 
throughout the state.^ 

Sec. 8. Taxation for Education. — The general assembly 
shall supplement the income from the state school-fund by a 
general state school-tax, or an appropriation, which shall 
not be less in amount than twenty dollars for each pupil 
in average daily attendance in the pubKc elementary and 
secondary schools of the state the preceding year. If the 
legislature deems best, the support of secondary and technical 

^ This is to prevent the general assembly from confiscating the school-fund, 
as has happened in a number of other states, and been attempted from time to 
time in this. 

2 This removes the old restriction in the investment to state and national 
bonds, and opens the investment market to any standard security, either within 
or without the state. In general, bonds of the state are not so good an invest- 
ment as bonds of some other state, or of a municipality or corporation, as, in 
case of default, collection is much more difficult. 

^ This is a coroUary to the preceding clause. Without this provision and 
the preceding one, it would be easy to invest the school-fund in state bonds, and 
then appropriate the fund to pay the bonds at maturity and issue a perpetual 
"certificate of indebtedness" to the school-fund, thus confiscating the fund. 
This has been done in a number of states. 

*This repeals the old requirement for a distribution on school census, and 
opens the way for a distribution based on the needs of the schools. The one 
requirement is that the distribution shall be equitable, and shall tend to equalize 
both the burdens and the advantages of education. 



lo Editcational Reorganization 

education may be segregated from that for elementary edu- 
cation. A general county school-tax must also be levied in 
each county, which must not be less in amount than the min- 
imum set for the state school-tax.^ The general assembly 
may authorize such other forms of taxation, for educational 
purposes, and such increases in the minima here stated, as it 
may from time to time deem wise. 

Sec. 9. County educational organization. — The general 
assembly shall provide for the general election of a county 
board of education ^ for each county, and for the county-unit 
of school administration. Each county board of education 
shall have general supervision and control of the public school 
system of the county ; except that cities, having city boards 
of education, maintaining a complete elementary and second- 
ary school-system, and employing a city superintendent of 
schools, are to have separate authority in the matter of super- 
vision, the selection of text-books to be used, the outlining in 
detail of the courses of instruction, the employment of teachers, 
supervisors, and other employees, and the determination, 
under the provisions of law, of the scope of the school-system 
to be maintained.^ Each county and each city board of 
education shall have full power to appoint its own executive 
officers, supervisors, and assistants, without restrictions as to 
residence, and shall fix their compensation ; shall have general 
oversight and control of the schools under its jurisdiction, 
to the extent and in the manner to be provided by law ; and 

1 While these rates are materially higher than those previously in force, they 
are not too high when the enlarged scope of the school-system and the higher 
salaries provided for are considered. 

2 The unit being smaller here, it was deemed desirable to leave this body to 
general election, especially as the county superintendent of education is now 
being taken from the elective column. 

3 That the unit of supervision should be the unit for administration in all 
matters involving close local adjustment seemed to the convention to be of 
fundamental importance. 



Revised Constitution II 

shall determine and certify for levy the necessary additional 
taxes for education. Each county board of education shall 
also apportion the proceeds of all state and county school-funds 
and taxes for schools to the different school-corporations within 
the county, as provided by law, and to the different schools 
maintained by the board in such manner as will tend best to 
equalize the advantages of education throughout the county ; 
shall make an annual report to the state department of edu- 
cation, in such form as may be required; and shall perform 
such other functions and duties as may be assigned to them, 
from time to time, by the general assembly. 

Sec. 10. School-corporations and taxation. — Each county 
and city school-corporation, created by the general assembly 
for the purpose of carrying out the mandate of this constitu- 
tion, requiring it to provide for a uniform and general system 
of free pubHc instruction, shall be governed by the laws of 
the state relating to education, and shall have the right to 
certify for levy its taxes for educational purposes, within the 
Kmits set and as provided for by law, without interference by 
the authorities of any municipal corporation of which it may 
be coterminous or may form a part.-^ 

Sec. II. Sectarian schools. — Neither the general assem- 
bly nor any county, city, or other public corporation shall 
ever make any appropriation from any public fund, except 
for purposes of inspection or examination, or grant any public 
land in aid of any sectarian or denominational school or col- 
lege, or any educational institution which is not under the 
exclusive control of the officers of the public school-system 
of the state; no sectarian or denominational doctrine shall 
be taught, or instruction therein permitted, in any pubHc 

^ This section is necessary to insure progress and to prevent councils and 
boards of supervisors from cutting down the school estimates, without other 
reasons than a desire to maintain a low tax-rate, or to allow for large expendi- 
tures in some other department of government. 



12 Educational Reorganization 

school or educational institution of the state; nor shall any 
religious test or religious qualification ever be required of any 
person, either as teacher or student, as a condition of admis- 
sion to or continuance in any public school or educational 
institution in this state.^ 

Sec. 12. Exemption from taxation. — The general assem- 
bly may provide, by general law, for the exemption from 
taxation of such property as is actually used for educational 
purposes, of such schools, colleges, universities, free libraries 
and museums, and other educational institutions, not con- 
ducted for profit and engaged in the promotion of learning and 
virtue in this state; provided, such are open to inspection 
by the public educational authorities of this state, acting 
under the direction of and in accordance with the general 
rules and regulations provided therefor by the state board of 
education, and further provided that such are approved as 
at least equal in standard, for the work attempted, with 
the public educational institutions of similar grade and 
character.^ 

Sec. 13. Courses of study ; text-books. — The general 
assembly may, from time to time, change or add to the statu- 
tory school subjects, and the state board of education may is- 
sue suggestive courses and plans, but the arrangement and 
working out of the courses of instruction, and the selection of 
all text-books to be used, shall always be left to the different 
county or city units of supervision. All text-books and 
necessary school supphes must be furnished free of charge by 
the county or city school-districts. 

Sec. 14. Term ; extension education. — The general as- 
sembly shall provide whereby at least an eight months' 

^ This section is unchanged from the old constitution. 

2 The convention felt that this was but just, and inserted this new section. 
It provides exemption only after inspection and approval, and hence will aid 
and not injure any worthy school. 



Revised Constitution 13 

term of school ^ shall be maintained each year in all of the 
regular day schools of the state ; may require the compulsory 
attendance of any or all classes of children at some approved 
school for such period of time as the schools are in session ; and 
shall see that proper provision is made for the care and edu- 
cation of the dehnquent, defective, and dependent classes of 
children. Any school-corporation may provide, or may be 
required by general law to provide : — kindergartens; schools 
for the education of delinquent, defective, and dependent 
children ; schools for education in trade, industry, agriculture, 
or domestic arts ; schools for the education of adults ; for 
vacation schools, and for playgrounds for children; for free 
public Kbraries and museums ; or for such other t3^es of 
public education or educational institutions as may, in the 
future, be included by the general assembly as a part of the 
educational system of the state.^ 

Sec. 15. The University of Osceola. — The University of 
Osceola shall constitute a pubKc trust, and its organization 
and government shall be continued in the form and character 
prescribed by the organic act creating the same, subject only 
to such legislative control as may be necessary to secure com- 
pliance with the terms of its creation and endowment, and 
the proper investment and security of its funds. It shall be 
independent of all poHtical, racial, and sectarian influences, 
and shall be kept free therefrom in the appointment of its 
regents and faculty, and in the administration of its affairs. 
No person shall ever be barred from admission to any of the 
colleges, schools, or departments of the university on account 

* Under the new taxation and apportionment plans it was felt that the time 
was ripe to increase the minimum term from six to eight months, and to leave 
the way open for a further increase to nine months, later on, and for schools 
aU the year round in the large cities. 

2 Like Sec. 2, this leaves the way open for future growth, and for the addi- 
tion of new tjqpes of schools, without the necessity of amending the constitu- 
tion each time, as has been the case in the past. 



14 Educational Reorganization 

of race, sex, or sect. The seminary fund, and the fund for the 
endowment of a college of agriculture and mechanic arts, 
shall be kept inviolate, and shall be applied exclusively to the 
promotion of the objects for which they were given by Con- 
gress. These funds shall be invested by the regents in the 
same kind of securities as are permitted for the state school- 
fund, and under the same conditions. No permanent fund 
of any kind belonging to the university may ever be appro- 
priated, borrowed, loaned, or invested by the general assem- 
bly.^ The general assembly may establish such branches or 
stations of the university, for literary, scientific, technical, 
agricultural, economic, or extension instruction as may seem 
desirable, and may discontinue the same when they no longer 
serve the purpose of their estabHshment. 

^ This, like Sec. 7, is designed to prevent the confiscation of the funds by the 
legislature. The less the legislature has to do with school or university funds 
the safer they are likely to be. 



REVISED SCHOOL CODE 



STATE OF OSCEOLA 

REVISED SCHOOL CODE 

[This Revised School Code was drawn up by an officially 
appointed Educational Code Commission, and was accepted 
by the legislature substantially as submitted. The explana- 
tory comments of the Code Commission have been retained 
as footnotes. 

It may add to clearness in reading this Code to remember 
that each county is one school-district, except as cities, under 
city boards of education, are created within the county. 
These are then known as city school-districts, as distinct 
from the county school-districts. All other subdivisions of the 
county, for attendance and other school purposes, are known 
as county attendance-subdistricts.] 

Laws of 1914, Chap. 101. 

AN ACT to amend the School Code, generally. 

(In effect, July i, 19 14, except as elsewhere stated.) 
The People of the State of Osceola, represented in Senate and 
House of Representatives, do enact as follows : — 

TITLE I. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 

CHAPTER L STATE EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION 

Article i. The State 

Sec. I. A state system. — A general and uniform state 
system ^ of public instruction shall be maintained through- 
out the state of Osceola, wherein tuition shall be free, and 
which shall provide equal opportunity for all. 

^ This does not mean narrowing uniformity, but rather uniform in the sense 
that approximately equal educational advantages are to be provided for all 
similarly situated communities. 

c 17 



1 8 Educational Reorganization 

Sec. 2. Scope of the system. — Such system of pubHc 
instruction shall include elementary, secondary, and uni- 
versity instruction ; normal schools for the training of teach- 
ers; schools for instruction in trade, industry, agriculture, 
household economics, and the applied arts; schools for the 
proper care and training of exceptional, defective, dependent, 
and delinquent classes ; -^ provision for the education of adults, 
and extension education; public playgrounds, and vacation 
schools ; public free libraries and museums ; ^ and such other 
types of public instruction or educational institutions as may 
be provided for by general law, or by county or district au- 
thority acting under the general powers conferred upon such 
by Chaps. II or III of this Code.^ 

Sec. 3. Oversight and control. — The supervisory over- 
sight and control of the public school- system of the state hereby 
provided for shall be intrusted to a state board of education, 
together with county, city, and subdistrict boards for the 
counties, cities, and subdistricts, and boards of regents or 
trustees for such of the special institutions as may be pro- 
vided for. Such supervisory oversight and control may be 
exercised by such bodies acting alone, in conjunction with, 
or through their executive officers,^ as provided further on in 
this Code. 

1 The public institutions for such have been changed by the new constitution 
from charitable to educational institutions. Provision is also made here and 
elsewhere in this Code for the establishment of such schools by county or city 
district authority. 

2 It is the intention to include definitely the library as a part of the educa- 
tional system, and to make the school libraries of the state parts of the general 
libraries of the counties or cities. 

2 This wide general authority is necessary to meet the changing conditions 
and needs of our educational system. Chaps. II and III confer large discre- 
tionary powers on the educational authorities. 

^ This is intended to provide for the delegation of authority necessary for 
efl&cient administration. Further on such delegation is specifically provided 
for in a number of places. 



Revised School Code 19 

Article 2. The State Board op Education 

Sec. 4. Appointment and term. — At the head of the 
state department of education created by this act shall be a 
state board of education,^ the members of which shall be 
appointed by the governor, one each year, and for seven- 
year terms, dating from the first day of July of the year in 
which the appointment is made ; ^ except that the first seven 
appointments shall be classified by the governor, as to the 
length of terms, so as to provide for such future annual ap- 
pointments, and members shall take office as soon as appointed. 
Appointments to fill vacancies shall be for the unexpired terms.^ 
In making such appointments the governor is to be influenced 
only by considerations of merit and fitness for the position, 
and the appointments shall be made without reference to 
residence, occupation, party afiiliation, religion, race, or sex. 
The governor may remove any member so appointed for 
immorality, malfeasance in office, incompetency, or continued 
neglect of duties.^ 

Sec. 5. Organization and meetings. — The state board 
of education shall hold a regular meeting each year, at the 
offices of the state department of education at the capital of 
the state, on the second Tuesday in August. At this meeting 
the board shall each year elect one of its own members as 

^The term state board of school control was preferred by many to state 
board of education, because it better expresses the functions of such a body, 
but board of education was finally retained because of its former usage in this 
state. 

2 This insures the proper expiration of terms, regardless of when the governor 
makes the appointments. Presumably the governor will appoint before the 
first day of July, and the new appointee take his seat at the regular July meeting 
of the board. The terms of the first appointees date from the first day of July, 
though they are to take ofl&ce at once, to inaugurate the new work. 

2 This also preserves the proper expiration of terms. 

* Other causes are hkely to be personal or political, and it was not thought 
desirable to give the governor power to remove for such. 



20 Educational Reorganization 

president, and one as vice president. At this meeting also 
the executive officers of the board shall present to it their 
annual reports. Other regular meetings of the board shall 
be held each year, in November, February, and May ; addi- 
tional meetings may be held at such times and places as 
the board may decide ; and special meetings may be held at 
any time, on call of the president or four other members of the 
board. Each member shall receive his or her actual traveling 
and other necessary expenses, connected with attending 
the meetings, and an honorarium^ of two hundred dollars 
a year. 

Sec. 6. Executive officers. — The state board of education 
shall appoint as its chief executive officer a state commissioner 
of education,^ who shall be an experienced and competent 
educator, together with all chiefs of divisions, assistants, and 
agents, as provided for in Art. 3 of this chapter. In making 
all such appointments the board shall be free from all restric- 
tions as to residence, party, religion, race, or sex of the persons 
appointed, and their qualifications, tenure, and compensation 
shall be as provided by the board itself. The state treasurer 
shall act as treasurer for the board. The commissioner of 
education shall have the right to attend any meeting of the 
state board of education, or any of its committees, except 
when his own tenure, salary, or the administration of his 
office are under consideration, with the right to advise on 
any question under consideration, but with no right to vote. 

Sec. 7. General powers and duties. — The general powers 
and duties of the state board of education shall be : — 

1 This gives a slight return to the members for the time expended, but is not 
enough to make the appointment seem a political plum. No premiimi is 
placed, either, on holding meetings to earn a per diem. 

2 The term commissioner of education was chosen in place of the old title of 
superintendent of public instruction, as being perhaps a little more expressive 
of the larger functions of the new official, and as following more recent practice 
in nomenclature. 



Revised School Code 21 

(i) To have general oversight and control of, and to strive 
constantly to improve, the system of public education pro- 
vided by the state. Subject to and in conformity with the 
constitution and the laws of the state, the state board of edu- 
cation shall exercise legislative fimctions concerning the edu- 
cational system of the state, determine its educational poHcies, 
and, except as to the judicial functions of the commissioner 
of education, as described in this chapter, under Sec. 12, 
subdiv. 2, shall estabhsh rules for carrying into effect the 
laws and policies of the state relating to education. 

(2) To require uniform records and reports, in form to be 
prescribed by the commissioner of education, from all edu- 
cational institutions and parts of institutions, supported 
wholly or in part by the state, and from all pubhc school 
corporations in the state, and the board may require such re- 
ports from all other institutions, associations, organizations, 
or corporations engaged in educational work.^ The forms 
for reporting financial statistics shall follow the standard 
forms recommended for use by the United States Bureau of 
Education. 

(3) Acting on the recommendation of the commissioner of 
education, they shall also classify and standardize the schools 
of the state, both pubhc and private. To delimit the spheres 
of action of state schools, in cases of unnecessary overlapping 
or conflict ; ^ and to regulate the conferring of degrees and 
diplomas throughout the state. 

(4) To exercise supervisory control over the work and the 

1 The purpose here is to do away with the many forms of reports now in use, 
and to institute uniform records, methods of accounting and reporting, and a 
uniform fiscal year. It was felt that it was no hardship for private schools to 
make similar reports to the state, relating to their educational work, so 
that the state board of education may each year be able to summarize the edu- 
cational resources, public and private, of the state. See also Chap. XVII of 
this Code. 

2 As, for example, between the state normal schools and the state university. 



2 2 Educational Reorganization 

expenditures of the state normal schools, and to determine 
the standards, not lower than those maintained by the state 
schools, . for the estabhshment and maintenance of private 
or city-district normal schools within the state/ or training- 
classes in the county schools of agriculture. 

(5) To adopt rules and regulations for the sanitary inspec- 
tion and approval of school buildings, and, in conjunction 
with the state board of health, for the physical examination 
and the health and physical-development work of the schools. 

(6) In cooperation with other departments of the state 
government, and county and local authorities, to see that 
the rules relating to schools, health, compulsory education, 
child labor, and child conservation are enforced, and to direct 
efforts for the conservation of childhood and the improve- 
ment of the conditions surrounding child life. 

(7) To authorize investigations relating to the educational 
needs of the state, and means of improving educational condi- 
tions ; to employ additional expert assistance for such investi- 
gations, as needed ; ^ and to appoint agents of the board, 
for special investigations or work. 

(8) To adopt rules and regulation, not inconsistent with 
law, for the conduct of the schools of the state. 

(9) To have general supervision of the educational depart- 
ments of all charitable, penal, or reformatory institutions 
maintained by the state, with power to make rules and regu- 
lations concerning the management of the same.^ 

(10) To act as a board of control for the state library and 

1 The purpose here is to prevent competition through the lowering of stand- 
ards, the estabhshment of weak schools, and unnecessary competitive expendi- 
tures. 

2 The object here is to open the way for special investigations, as may seem 
to be needed, and for the employment of experts for such work. 

3 Heretofore there has been no educational supervision of these departments ; 
this duty is introduced here in the hope of providing better educational facili- 
ties in what have been, in the past, largely non-educational institutions. 



Revised School Code 23 

the state museum/ and to aid in the estabhshment of hbraries 
and the extension of the faciHties of the state Kbrary and the 
state museum. 

(11) To act as a board for the management and investment 
of the state school-fund, as provided for in Sec. 7, of Art. IX, 
of the Constitution of Osceola, and title III, Chap. VII, of 
this School Code. 

(12) To transmit to the general assembly, biennially, a 
detailed budget covering the needed expenses of the state 
department of education, the state normal schools, the state 
Hbrary, and the state museum.^ 

(13) At the annual meeting in August of each year, to 
direct the state controller as to the levy of the annual state 
school-tax, as provided for in Chap. VII of this School Code. 

(14) To transmit to the governor each year, and through 
him to the people of the state, an annual report covering the 
operation of the different divisions of the state department of 
education, the work of the normal schools, the work of the 
educational departments of all charitable, penal, and reforma- 
tory institutions, maintained by the state, and the condition, 
progress, and needs of education throughout the state. Such 
annual report shall be printed, as expeditiously as may be, 
and in sufficient quantities for general distribution.^ 

(15) To adopt a seal for the authentication of their official 
acts. 

(16) To perform such other duties and functions as may be 

* The old separate boards for these two institutions now disappear, and each 
becomes a part of the state department of education. 

2 The introduction of the principle of a biennial budget was regarded as one 
of the best features of this scheme. In the annual reports, the state board tells 
the people of its work and needs; in the biennial budget it presents to the 
legislature a request for money to carry on the work and to meet the needs. 

3 The report to the general assembly is biennial. Education, however, is an 
annual affair, and the report to the people of operations should be made each 
year. 



24 Educational Reorganization 

assigned to it, from time to time, by the general assembly, or 
as may be assigned to it elsewhere in this Revised School Code. 

Sec. 8. New legislation. — It shall also be the duty of 
the state board of education to consider carefully the educa- 
tional needs of the state, and to recommend to the general as- 
sembly such additional legislation, or changes in existing legis- 
lation, as it may deem desirable. Such recommendations 
may be general in form, or in the form of prepared bills. When 
prepared bills are submitted, such must be laid before the 
proper committees of both houses, and the commissioner of 
education and the state board of education be given a hearing 
on the same, if such be requested.^ 

Sec. 9. Administer oaths. — The state board of education, 
by its presiding ofhcer; each of its committees, by their 
chairmen; the commissioner of education; the assistant 
commissioner of education; each chief of division, assistant 
chief, or agent ; and each executive officer shall have authority 
to administer oaths and to examine under oath, in any part 
of the state, witnesses in any matter pertaining to schools, 
and to cause the examination to be reduced to writing. Any 
person, who, having been sworn or affirmed by any of the 
above-mentioned officers to tell the truth, and who wilfully 
gives false testimony, shall be guilty of perjury. 

Article 3. The State Educational Department 

Sec. 10. Organization of the department. — A state de- 
partment of education is hereby created, to be under the 
direction of the state board of education, as provided for by 
Art. 2 of this chapter. This department shall include all 
offices and functions formerly included under the office of 
superintendent of public instruction ; together with the state 
library and the state museum, which are hereby transferred 

1 This makes the state board a kind of continuing Code Commission, and gives 
it a definite status in its relations with the legislature. 



Revised School Code 25 

to the state department of education, as dhdsions of the new 
department, and placed under the control of the state board 
of education ; and such other divisions and branches as may 
be provided for by this Code, by the state board of education 
as authorized by this Code, or by subsequent legislative enact- 
ment. 

Sec. II. State commissioner of education. — As the chief 
executive officer of the state department of education, there 
shall be a state commissioner of education, who shall be ap- 
pointed by and hold ofhce at the pleasure of the state board of 
education,^ as provided for by Sec. 6 of this Code, and who 
shall be charged \vith the following powers and duties : — 

(i) He shall act as the chief executive of&cer of the state 
system of public instruction, and of the state board of edu- 
cation, and as such shall see to the enforcement of all laws 
relating to the school-system of the state, and all rules and 
regulations, made in conformity to law, by the state board of 
education. 

(2) He shall have power and it shall be his duty to cause to 
be instituted such proceedings or processes as may be neces- 
sary to properly enforce and give effect to any provision in 
this Code, or any other general or special law pertaining to 
the school-system of the state or any part thereof, or any rule 
or direction of the state board of education, made in conform- 
ity with their powers and duties.^ 

(3) He shall execute, under direction of the board, and in 
person or through subordinates, all educational policies de- 
termined upon by the state board of education.^ 

1 Sec. 6 gives the state board of education freedom from all restrictions, in 
making the appointment, relating to residence, term of office, or salary. So 
long as they conduct the department within the appropriations made by the 
general assembly, they may act freely. 

^ This provision is occasionally necessary to secure the proper enforcement 
of the laws in certain communities. 

^ It is the intent here that the state board, representing the lay interest, 



26 Educational Reors'anization 



^> 



(4) He shall have, acting under such general rules and regu- 
lations as the state board of education may provide, the gen- 
eral supervision of the different divisions and offices of the 
state department of education, and shall decide all conflicts 
of authority; shall be responsible for the proper adminis- 
tration of the department of education; and shall see that 
all work assigned is properly performed, and that all reports 
are properly made. 

(5) He shall recommend to the state board of education for 
appointment an assistant commissioner of education, to per- 
form such duties as he may assign to him, and to represent him 
in his absence or in the state; and also the chiefs for each 
division of the state department of education,^ and such 
assistant chiefs and state agents as may be authorized by the 
state board of education, or by the law. He may also recom- 
mend their dismissal, for cause. The state board of education 
shall make rules for the appointment of all other assistance 
within the department. 

(6) For dishonesty, or for wilful disobedience of law, he 
may remove from office any member of any county or city 
board of education in this state. 

(7) He shall prescribe the methods and the standards, 
subject to the provisions of title V of this Code, for the cer- 
tification of teachers within the state, and for the acceptance 
of degrees, diplomas, and experience from without the state. 

(8) He shall call and direct an annual conference of the 
county and city superintendents of education, called to meet 
for three days at the offices of the state department of educa- 
tion, for the consideration of matters relating to the condi- 

shall hear and determine questions of policy and the expenditure of funds, but 
that, once decided, the execution of the pohcy shall rest with the executive 
officers, the board being chiefly a legislative body. 

^ The chiefs of divisions in the state department of education are analogous 
to the heads of departments in a university, and should be recommended for 
appointment by the superintendent. 



Revised School Code 27 

tions, needs, and the improvement of the educational system 
of the state.^ 

(9) He shall have such other powers and shall carry out 
such other duties as may be directed elsewhere in this Code, 
or as may be intrusted to him, from time to time, by the 
general assembly or by the state board of education.^ 

Sec. 12. Divisions of the department. The state de- 
partment of education is hereby organized into the following 
divisions, at the head of which shall be a division chief, to be 
appointed by the state board of education, on the recom- 
mendation of the commissioner of education. The state 
board may create other divisions, from time to time, within 
the hmits of their appropriations for maintenance. The 
functions and duties of the departments hereby created shall 
include the following : — 

(i) The business division. — The chief of this division shall 
be known as the secretary and business manager for the 
department. He shall hold ofhce at the pleasure of the board, 
and shall give bonds for the faithful performance of his duties. 
He shall act as the secretary of the state board of education ; ^ 
shall be responsible for the safe keeping of all books, records, 
and papers of the board ; shall make all purchases, approve 
all bills, and draw all warrants for services or materials ; shall 

^ The annual convention for a week, meeting anywhere in the state, and 
managed as to program by a committee of the superintendents, was largely a 
junket, and seldom did any serious educational work. It is the intent of this 
provision to provide for shorter meetings, at the state department ofi&ces, and 
under conditions much more likely to secure educational results commensurate 
with the expense involved. 

2 Other duties are assigned to the state superintendent of education in other 
parts of this Code, such as the apportionment of funds (Title III), control of 
certification (Title V), etc., but it was not thought necessary to repeat all such 
here. 

^ The purpose is to free the commissioner from all purely clerical functions, 
and a new office and official is created to attend to the clerical and financial 
work. 



28 Educational Reorganization 

apportion the school funds, as directed by law; shall keep 
an exhibit of the same, as directed by the state board ; may 
appoint and dismiss all assistants in his office ; and shall per- 
form such other duties as may be assigned to him, from time 
to time, by the state board of education, or the commissioner 
of education.^ 

(2) The legal division. — This division shall edit and print 
the School Code, and annotate it from decisions of the state 
commissioner of education ; advise district, county, and state 
educational officers as to the meaning and intent of this Code, 
and methods of precedure under it; and advise the com- 
missioner of education on all cases taken before him on appeal 
from the decisions of the county superintendents of education. 
The commissioner of education, in his decision, shall have 
power to interpret the meaning and intent of this Revised 
School Code ; to decide controversies arising over any matter 
coming within the scope of the powers delegated by law to 
school authorities; to determine whether an appeal to him 
shall stay proceedings, and to prescribe the conditions under 
which it shall or shall not operate ; and to make orders, di- 
recting the levying of taxes or otherwise, which may, in his 
judgment, be proper and necessary to give effect to his de- 
cision. He may also decline to receive an appeal from the de- 
cision of a county superintendent, if it appears that the appel- 
lant has no interest in the matter appealed, that the matter 
is not a matter of public concern, or that the person appealing 
is not competent to appeal. The legal division shall properly 
file all papers in appeal cases, including the commissioner's 
decision ; and copies of all such, authenticated by him under 

1 While it is the intent that this office and officer should be largely independ- 
ent, attending to the clerical, business, and financial affairs of the department, 
as distinct from the educational affairs, still, to preserve proper harmony and 
insure effective service, it was deemed necessary that the office should be clearly 
subordinate to that of the commissioner of education. 



Revised School Code 



29 



the seal of his office, shall be evidence equally with the orig- 
inals. The decisions of the commissioner shall be numbered 
and dated, and printed in such quantities as may be needed. 
The decisions of the commissioner of education shall be final 
in matters in which he is given power to decide.^ 

(3) The statistical division. — This division,^ subject to the 
approval of the commissioner of education, shall prescribe 
the blanks, forms, registers, and regulations for making all 
statistical reports to county and state school officers; shall 
prescribe a uniform system of bookkeeping, to be used by all 
school-districts of each class, and the uniform fiscal year ^ 
provided for in Sec. no; shall attend to the gathering of all 
statistical data ; shall tabulate, interpret, and edit the same ; ^ 
and shall supply the United States Commissioner of Education 
with any statistical information available. The statistical 
portions of the annual reports shall be prepared by this divi- 
sion, and as directed by this Code or by the state board of 
education.^ 

(4) Library and library-extension division. — The state 
library, transferred by the constitution to the jurisdiction of 
the state board of education, together with its branches and 
schools, shall constitute this division, and the state Hbrarian 
and his associates and assistants are hereby continued in 

^ The whole intent here is to provide a simple, inexpensive, and expeditious 
method of interpreting the School Code and settling disputes under it, and by 
parties who understand the intent and spirit of the law. The printed decisions 
and annotated School Code will also, in time, establish interpretations and 
precedents which will prevent many controversies. 

2 This division, virtually in existence before, now centralizes the statistical 
work, and prepares the way for the appointment of a chief who shall be an 
expert statistician, and who will develop a corps of trained workers under him. 

^ This uniformity in reports and fiscal year is much needed. Comparisons 
with any accuracy have been heretofore impossible. 

* This should provide for an intelligent and comparative editing of all sta- 
tistical data. 

^ See Sec. 13 of this chapter. 



30 Educational Reorganization 

office, until the state board of education shall otherwise direct. 
This division shall include the state library proper, the library 
school, the state historical division, and the traveling-library 
division, all of which shall now be organized as subdivisions 
in this new division. In addition, a new subdivision, to be 
known as the library-extension bureau, shall be organized 
to direct the work of organizing county libraries ^ and extend- 
ing, directing, and improving their work. 

(5) The museum and science-extension division. — The 
state museum, transferred by the constitution to the juris- 
diction of the state board of education, shall constitute this 
division, and the curator and his assistants are hereby con- 
tinued in office, until the state board of education shall other- 
wise direct. In addition to the present work of preserving 
the scientific collections of the state, a new subdivision, to be 
known as the science-extension subdivision, shall be organized, 
the purpose of which shall be to prepare duplicate collections, 
lantern slides, pictures, and specimens, and to supervise the 
loaning of such to schools, institutions, organizations, or 
responsible individuals, with a view to improving the instruc- 
tion in geography, history, science, and kindred subjects,^ and 
to advancing the education of the citizens of the state. 

(6) Schoolhouse-construction and sanitation division. — This 
division shall study the needs and suggest plans for improv- 
ing schoolhouse construction, sanitation, and architecture, 
for all kinds of schools, and issue information concerning such. 
This division shall also prepare duplicate sets of approved 
plans and specifications for schoolhouses and county libraries, 
of various types, which may be loaned, free of charge, to county 

^ The movement for county libraries, already begun, and further provided 
for in Title II, Chap. V, of this Revised School Code, aims to make the county 
the unit for library work, with all branches as parts of the county library. 

2 The state museum has already begun this work, but has been entirely un- 
able to meet the state demands because of lack of assistance and funds. It is 
now proposed to put this work on a sound educational and financial basis. 



Revised School Code 31 

or city school-districts desiring to use them.^ This division 
shall also assist county or city school-district authorities in 
making sanitary surveys of existing school buildings and 
grounds ; and shall approve all plans for new school buildings, 
as provided for in Sec. 125 of this Code. 

(7) The child-welfare division. — This division shall study 
the health, nutrition, physical defects, and abnormahties of 
children; conduct health and child- welfare surveys; stimu- 
late and guide the work in health supervision in the schools of 
the state; investigate child-labor and juvenile dehnquency; 
study and assist in developing instruction in physical training 
and playground work ; study retardation in the schools, and 
its causes ; study the hygiene of instruction, and direct work 
in preventive mental hygiene ; and disseminate proper ideas 
as to the care, nurture, training, and instruction of the children 
of the state. For this work this division may be organized 
into such subdivisions as the state board of education may 
direct.^ 

(8) Rural- and agricultural-education division. — This divi- 
sion shall study the needs, costs, and means of improvement of 
the rural and small-town schools of the state ; assist in county- 
reorganization surveys ^ and in the estabHshment of consoli- 
dated schools ; aid in the extension of instruction in agricul- 
ture, household economics, and such forms of industrial work ^ 
as are adapted to rural and village needs ; devise ways and 
means for extending educational and social advantages to 
the rural sections and small villages of the state; assist 
county educational authorities in reorganizing and redirecting 
their rural and village schools; and shall pubHsh the results 

^ By such a plan the cost of this bureau can be saved many times over. 
^ This division, new to Osceola, will undoubtedly develop in time into one of 
the most important divisions of the state department of education. 
» See Chap. II, Art. 6. 
* For definitions as to what these subjects include, see Sec. 79. 



32 Educational Reorganization 

in such manner as will best serve the ends for which the divi- 
sion is maintained.^ 

(9) Elementary-education division. — This division shall 
study the administration, instruction problems, and needs 
of the kindergartens, and the day and evening elementary and 
intermediate schools of the state; and assist communities 
in conducting surveys of the work and needs of their schools, 
with a view to improving the administration and instruction 
in them. 

(10) Secondary-education division. — This division shall 
study the administration, curricula, problems, and needs of 
the day and evening secondary schools of the state; shall 
classify the schools as to standards maintained; shall sug- 
gest means of improving instruction and administration in 
them ; shall examine and classify the higher schools of the 
state, v/ith reference to the character of their work, and ap- 
prove, for recommendation to the University, as provided for 
by Sec. 74 of this Code, those meeting the proper standard ; and 
shall study means for a closer articulation of both secondary 
schools and colleges on the one hand, and secondary schools 
and elementary schools on the other. 

11. Special-class-education division. — This division shall 
study the forms of education provided for the deaf and dumb, 
the blind, the feeble-minded and the mentalty defective, the 
truant and the incorrigible, and the dependent ; shall super- 
vise the instruction of such in the penal, reformatory, and 
charitable institutions of this state; shall examine and ap- 
prove, for any state-aid grants, all classes of such children 
in the public day and evening schools of the state ; and shall 
study the forms of instruction provided, and the administra- 

1 Publication and advice are intended to be the chief work of this division, 
and of the two divisions following. It was not felt to be desirable that the state 
department should have much power to compel, except in so far as is necessary 
to secure compliance with the educational laws of the state. 



Revised School Code 33 

tion of such instruction, with a view to suggesting improve- 
ments in both.^ 

(12) The examining^ certificating^ and pensioning division. — 
This division shall examine all candidates for all forms of 
teachers' certificates, granted on examination within the state,^ 
and shall issue all forms of teachers' certificates ; shall keep a 
registry of all teachers granted certificates of any kind within 
the state, either on examination or credentials ; and shall have 
charge of the administration of the state pension laws for 
teachers, as provided for by Title V, Chap. XIV of this Code. 

13. Training of teachers division. — This division shall 
examine and may suggest improvements in the training- 
courses for secondary teachers maintained by the University 
of Osceola, the training courses for elementary teachers main- 
tained by the normal schools of the state, the county training- 
classes for elementary teachers maintained in the county 
schools of agriculture, and the normal schools maintained 
by cities of the first class; shall standardize and accredit 
colleges, normal schools, and training classes in other states, 
in so far as interstate recognition of teachers' training is 
concerned, in terms of the standards required in Osceola; 
shall standardize and accredit teachers' certificates and diplo- 
mas from other states, in terms of the requirements for certifi- 
cation in Osceola ; ^ shall assist in and help to improve the 

^ With the taking over of this work by the state department of education, 
from the politically controlled state institutions, and the establishment of sub- 
sidies and grants to cities (see Chap. VIII) for such work, it was thought de- 
sirable that a state division be created to take charge of the work. 

2 With the adoption of this new Code, the state wiU pass from a series of coimty 
certificating systems to a uniform state system, with uniform and higher stand- 
ards for the entire state as well as a number of new forms of certificates. (See 
Chap. XIII.) 

' With the establishment of a broad and liberal policy of interstate recogni- 
tion of certificates and diplomas by the state, a central accrediting authority is 
a necessity. While creating this the commission felt it wise to create a division 
which would also tend to stimulate and standardize the training of teachers 



34 Educational Reorganization 

teachers' institutes, conducted by the county and city super- 
intendents of education in the different counties and cities of 
the state; and shall help to guide and direct the different 
courses in the teachers' reading-circles of the state. 

(14) Art and music division. — This division shall study the 
methods of instruction, the needs, and the possibilities of 
improving the instruction in pure and appKed art and in music, 
with a view to improving the artistic tastes of the people in 
general, better preparing young people and workers for the 
applied-art needs of the industries and the vocations, and 
improving the musical tastes and appreciation of the people 
of this state, through the improvement of the instruction in 
these subjects in the public day and evening schools, special 
schools, normal schools, and colleges of this state.-^ 

(15) Industrial- and vocational-education division. — This 
division shall study the commercial and industrial needs and 
the vocational opportunities of the state; shall assist com- 
munities in making commercial, industrial, and vocational 
surveys ; shall advise with reference to the establishment of 
vocational schools and courses; shall prepare and publish 
bulletins relating to vocational opportunities and demands; 
and shall study conditions, both within and without the state, 
with a view to improving the commercial and industrial 
resources of the state, and better preparing young people for 
the vocations. 

(16) Information and extension division. — This division 
shall attend to the general distribution of all printed docu- 
ments and reports of the state department of education; 
shall act as a bureau of information for answering the inquiries 
of teachers, citizens, and parents; and shall organize and 

within the state, but without much power to compel, and to assist in the conduct 
of teachers' institutes and in the direction of the reading-circles for the state. 

^ This division was felt by the commission to be of much future importance ; 
as one likely to do much to give tone and character to the futiure state. 



Revised School Code 35 

conduct an extension bureau, to supply lectures and advisors 
on educational topics to the different communities, clubs, and 
school boards throughout the state, drawing for this purpose 
on the experts attached to the different divisions of the state 
department of education, such experts being designated for 
the service by the commissioner of education.^ 

(17) Editorial division. — This division shall attend to 
the editing, illustrating, and printing of all circulars, bulle- 
tins, and reports prepared by the different divisions of the 
state department of education, as approved and directed by 
the state board of education or by the commissioner of edu- 
cation, and within the Hmits of the annual appropriations 
for printing.^ 

Sec. 13. Publications. — It is the intent of this article 
that the state department of education shall exert its largest 
influence through study and the publication of results rather 
than through compulsion, and that one of its important func- 
tions shall be to aid and inform and emphasize what is best. 
To this end three series of publications shall be provided for, 
as follows : — 

(i) A monthly circular of information, to contain such out- 
lines and descriptions of the work of the state department of 
education, and such general information, notices, and direc- 
tions as the state commissioner of education shall direct. 

(2) A series of bulletins, to be issued as frequently as need 
be, to contain collected information on some one subject, 
the results of studies made by the different divisions of the 
state department, or studies made by special experts employed 

^ It is desired here to create a division which shall be able to advise and assist 
individuals, organizations, or communities with reference to educational mat- 
ters, as the agricultural colleges now advise farmers and communities with 
reference to crops, cattle, soils, and agricultural procedure. The lecture service 
ought, with time, to become very important. 

2 See Sec. 13 of this chapter for a fuller outline of the work of this 
division. 



36 Educational Reorganization 

for special work, as the commissioner of education may ap- 
prove, and to be printed in such quantities as will meet the 
reasonable demands for the information contained in each. 

(3) Annual reports, to be prepared and printed each year, 
as expeditiously as may be, and in such quantities as will 
meet the reasonable demands for such reports. Each annual 
report shall contain the following information : — 

{a) A brief statement by the state board of education of 
its activities, and of the conditions, progress, and 
important needs of the school system of the state. 

(6) A brief statement of the activities of the different divi- 
sions of the state department of education, results 
accomplished, and lines of future development, by the 
commissioner of education. 

{c) A narrative interpretation, with illustrative sum- 
maries and comparative tables, of the statistical re- 
turns for the year, with comparisons showing both 
growth and development, and retrogression and 
needs, by the commissioner of education. 

(J) A brief statement of the more important needs of the 
school system of the state, by the commissioner of 
education. 

(e) Brief statements as to work, accomplishments, and prob- 
lems, by the chiefs of each division of the state de- 
partment of education. 

(/) A concise statement of the work and condition of the 
normal and county training-schools of the state. 

{£) A concise statement of the work and condition of 
the educational departments of the different state 
charitable, penal, and reformatory institutions. 

{K) A statement, properly audited, showing the expendi- 
tures of the state department of education, by divi- 
sions, during the year, by the secretary of the state 
board of education. 



Revised School Code 37 

(i) A concise statement, showing the condition of the 
principal and income-account of the state school-fund, 
and any other permanent funds under the control of 
the state board of education, and of the seminary 
fund and the land-grant college fund, by the treasurer 
of the state board of education. 
(/■) The detailed statistical returns from the counties and 
cities of the state, showing the condition of the school- 
system as to census, enrollment, attendance, terms, 
receipts, disbursements, costs, and such other items as 
the state board of education may direct. 
(4) The School Code of the state. — This is to be published, 
from time to time, as needed and directed by the state board 
of education, and each revision shall be annotated so as to 
give the summary of any decisions or ruKngs made by the 
commissioner of education which will serve to make clearer 
the meaning and intent of any section of this Code, or other 
law relating to education. 

All pubhcations of the state department of education shall 
be distributed, free of charge, as the state board of education 
or the commissioner of education may direct. 



CHAPTER II. COUNTY EDUCATIONAL ORGANI- 
ZATION 

Article 4. County Boards of Education 

Sec. 14. County the unit of organization. — The county 
shall be the unit for educational organization in this state/ 
and each county board of education, as provided for in Sec. 
15 of this Revised School Code, and subject always to the 
powers granted to city school-districts and to subdistricts 
in Chap. Ill of this Code, shall have supervisory oversight 
and control of all public schools and libraries established 
within the county. 

Sec. 15. County boards of education. — For the man- 
agement of the educational affairs of each county a county 
board of education ^ shall be elected by the qualified electors 
of each county, residing outside of city school-districts, at 
an election to be held each year on the second Saturday in 
June, as provided for in Art. 8 of Chap. III. The first elec- 
tion under this section shall be held in June, 1914. Each 
county board of education shall consist of five citizens, to be 
elected from the county at large,^ and for five-year terms; 

1 The county now becomes the unit, instead of the district, but with certain 
powers granted to city-district and subdistrict authorities. These increase as 
the subdistrict and district increase in size. 

2 The old county board of education was composed almost entirely of school 
men, and performed educational functions largely. This body is to be a lay 
and business body, performing educational functions only on proper advice. 
The board now becomes one analogous to a city board of education, with simi- 
lar powers and duties. 

2 Election from the county at large, instead of by districts, was selected, 
after some debate, as much more likely to secure the kind of citizens needed to 
inaugurate properly the new form of educational administration. 

38 



Revised School Code 39 

except that, at the first elections under this act, to secure a 
proper classification of terms, the members to be elected shall 
be classified on the ballots so as to secure a proper expiration 
of terms. 

Sec. 16. Vacancies and removal from office. — Any vacancy 
which may occur in the membership of any county board of 
education, for any cause, shall be filled by appointment by 
the board itself, the person so appointed to hold office imtil 
the close of the fiscal year. At the June school elections, pro- 
vided for by Art. 8 of Chap. Ill of this Code, a member shall 
be elected to fill any unexpired term, in addition to the filHng 
of any regular vacancy. All new members elected shall quaHfy 
and take office at the regular July meeting of the county board. 

Sec. 17. Meetings of county boards. — The regular annual 
meeting of the county boards of education shall be held on the 
second Friday in July. At this meeting new members elected 
shall take office ; a president shall be elected for the ensuing 
year by the board, from, among its own membership ; and 
the executive officers of the board shall make their annual 
reports. Other regular meetings shall be held on the second 
Friday of each month, and special meetings may be called 
by the president, or by three other members of the board. 
Each member of a county board of education shall be paid 
his necessary travehng expenses, and an honorarium of 
one hundred dollars per year.^ Failure to attend three reg- 
ular meetings in succession, unless excused on account of sick- 
ness, shall work a forfeiture of the office. 

Sec. 18. Powers and duties. — Each county board of 
education, subject always to the limitations of this Code rela- 
tive to the powers of city school-districts and county sub- 

^ The object of this is to prevent too frequent meetings, and, in consequence, 
too much interference with the work of the executive of&cers. This board 
should remain a legislative body, leaving the executive work to its executive 
ofiQcers. 



40 Educational Reorganization 

districts, and acting either as a board or through its execu- 
tive officers, shall have the following powers and duties : — 

(i) To adopt rules and regulations, not inconsistent with law 
or the rules and regulations of the state board of education, for 
the regulation and government of the schools of the county.^ 

(2) To adopt a seal for their official use. 

(3) To appoint their executive officers, as provided for 
under Art. 5 of this chapter. 

(4) To see that the laws relating to education, and the rules 
and regulations of the state board of education, are enforced 
within their jurisdiction. 

(5) In the name of the county board of education of (name 
of county) to possess corporate powers ; to sue and to be sued ; 
to acquire, hold, lease, and sell real and personal property; 
to receive bequests and donations; and to perform other 
corporate acts for educational purposes.^ 

(6) To locate and maintain schools, as needed within the 
county; to close schools and arrange for the transportation 
of pupils to other schools, v/henever, in their judgment, such 
transportation of pupils is advisable ; ^ and, within three 
years from the time this Revised School Code takes effect, 
to arrange for a reorganization of the schools of the county, 
as provided for by Art. 6 of this chapter. After such reor- 
ganization has been accomplished, to establish, relocate, or 
consolidate schools, as the changing needs of the future may 
seem to require, and provide transportation, as necessary. 

.(7) To cause to be kept an accurate account of all their 
official acts, proceedings, and decisions ; and of all statistical 
and financial matters relating to the schools of the county, 

1 As a city board of education would do for the government of a city school 
system. 

2 Only county and city boards now have corporate powers, all subdistricts 
being without such. This reduces each county to one corporate county board 
and the corporate boards for such cities as may exist within the county. 

2 Just as a city school board would do, as the school population shifts. 



Revised School Code 41 

and according to such forms as the commissioner of education 
for the state may prescribe ; and to have transmitted to the 
state department of education such information relating to the 
finances, condition, and progress of the schools of the county 
as may be requested. 

(8) To assume and hold title to all school property ^ in 
the county, not under the control of city school-districts ; and 
to pass title to the same to second-class city school-districts, 
when such have been properly organized,^ under the provi- 
sions of Sec. 39 of this Code. 

(9) To insure, purchase, lease, rent, or sell school sites and 
school buildings within its jurisdiction ; to build, repair, and 
improve the same, or approve contracts for so doing, when 
the plans have been approved as pro\dded for in Sec. 125 of 
this Code; and to condemn, under the laws providing for 
the condemnation of property for state purposes, any property 
needed for educational purposes. 

(10) To authorize all extensions and additions to the work 
of pubKc instruction, within their jurisdiction, and to direct 
the establishment of such new schools or types of schools as 
may be authorized or directed elsewhere in this Code. 

(11) To act as a board of control for any county high 
schools, county vocational schools, county truant schools, 
county agricultural schools, county training schools, county 
Hbraries, or county museums which may be established; to 
make rules and regulations for the control of such, not in- 
consistent with law or with the rules and regulations of the 
state board of education ; and, on nomination of the county 
superintendent of education, to appoint all principals, teach- 
ers, and other employees for such. 

^ Just as a city school board holds title to aU school property within the city 
school-district. 

2 When city school-districts are created and organized, they should be given 
the title, control, and upkeep of their school property. 



42 Educational Reorganization 

(12) To appoint, on the nomination of the county super- 
intendent of education, all principals and teachers for all 
schools in the subdistricts within the county, and to fix and 
pay them their salaries; to contract for all supplies, books, 
and apparatus needed by the schools under their jurisdiction ; 
to establish separate subdistricts for the colored race, as may 
be needed ; and to maintain all schools of the same classifica- 
tion in the county, under their jurisdiction, for an equal length 
of time, and with as nearly equal school facilities as is possible.^ 

(13) To appoint school directors for second-class attendance- 
subdistricts, and, in case the residents fail to elect, for all first- 
class attendance-subdistricts as well. 

(14) To provide for the taking of a detailed census of all 
children in the county, outside of city school-districts, as pro- 
vided for in Chap. XVI, Art. 40, of this Code. 

(15) To provide for health supervision and instruction, 
as required by Chap. X of this Code. 

(16) On the recommendation of the advisory educational 
board, provided for in Sec. 22 of this article, to approve of 
courses of study and text-books for the elementary and second- 
ary schools of all subdistricts of the county ; and, on the recom- 
mendation of the principal of the school and the county super- 
intendent of education, to approve of courses of instruction and 
text-books for all special-type county schools maintained.^ 

(17) To direct the secretary of the board to contract for 
and purchase, and supply free of cost, and as recommended 
by the county superintendent of education, all regular and 
supplemental text-books and school supplies needed by the 
schools under their jurisdiction. 

* Just as city school boards provide for an equal length of term and approxi- 
mately equal educational advantages for all schools in the city school-district. 

2 This is an educational function, and here the board should act only on the 
recommendation of its educational oflQcers. Courses of instruction and text- 
books are to be selected by the units of supervision. 



Revised School Code 43 

(18) To administer the relief funds, as provided for in 
Chap. XVI, for needy children in the subdistricts, acting on 
the recommendation of the county attendance-officer. 

(19) In conjunction with county boards of education in an 
adjoining county or counties, to assist in the maintenance of 
such joint attendance-subdistricts as may be needed, and as 
provided for under Chap. III. 

(20) To determine the annual budget for schools, library 
work, and other educational undertakings within the county 
and under their control, as provided for in Chap. VII; to 
certify the county school-tax, and all special school- 
taxes for all districts and subdistricts, to the county board 
of supervisors for levy ; and to determine the appropriations 
for different educational purposes and schools under their 
control.-^ 

(21) To receive all financial and statistical reports from 
the city school-districts, and to cause to be prepared an accu- 
rate annual financial and statistical report, in such form as the 
state commissioner of education may direct, and to require 
that the same be transmitted to the state department of edu- 
cation by or before the fifteenth day of July of each year. 

(22) To cause to be prepared and printed, in sufficient 
quantities to meet the reasonable demand for such, an annual 
report, addressed to the people of the county, and covering 
the condition, progress, and needs of the schools; recent 
results accompHshed ; the work of special schools maintained ; 
and condensed statistical and financial statements, with such 
interpretations of the same as may seem desirable.^ When 
printed, in addition to such general distribution as may seem 

^ Just as a city school board does. This provides for definite appropriations 
for definite objects, with an extra contingent fund, and for county oversight of 
all tax levies for schools. 

2 This should be the chief means by which the county board of education 
explains its work and educates the people of the county to support it in its edu- 
cational efforts. 



44 Educational Reorganization 

wise, one copy of this report must be sent to each Kbrary of 
whatever kind in the county ; one copy sent to each county 
board of education in the state; twenty-five copies sent to 
the state department of education ; and three copies to the 
United States Commissioner of Education. 

(23) To perform such other duties as may be directed else- 
where in this Code, or by subsequent acts of the general as- 
sembly; and to perform all acts reasonable and necessary 
for the advancement of the educational interests of the county, 
the general diffusion of knowledge among the people, and 
the promotion of the welfare of the child. 

Article 5, County School Officers 

Sec. 19. County superintendents of education. — There 
shall be a county superintendent of education in each county 
in this state, who shall act as the chief executive officer of 
the county board of education. All county superintendents of 
schools holding ofhce at the time of the passage of this act 
shall become the new county superintendents of education, 
and shall continue to serve for the remainder of the term for 
which they were elected, and may, on vote of the county 
board, be continued in ofhce until the end of the fiscal ^ year 
1914-1915; and thereafter each county board of education 
shall appoint their successors in ofhce. All appointments to 
fill vacancies, whether caused by the expiration of terms or 
otherwise, shall be for four-year terms.^ In making all 

1 The terms of office of the present county superintendents of schools end on 
Dec. 31, 1914. This continues them in office until then, giving them a chance 
to help start the new system, and also giving the county boards a chance to 
find out whether they desire to continue them as the new county superintendents 
of education, for the four-year term. 

2 The object of this provision was not only to provide for a four-year term, 
but also to provide, gradually, for the expiration of the terms at different times 
in different counties, so that every county superintendency in the state shall 
not become vacant at the same time. This will insure a better choice, and 



Revised School Code 45 

appointments to the office of county superintendent of edu- 
cation, each county board of education shall be free from all 
restrictions as to residence, party, rehgion, race, or sex of 
the person appointed,^ and shall determine the qualifications 
and compensation ^ of the appointee ; except^ that the com- 
pensation of any superintendent shall not be diminished dur- 
ing his term of office, and that, after July i, 191 7, all ap- 
pointees must hold some grade of supervisory certificate, or 
have credentials entitling them to such, as provided for in 
Chap. XIII of this Code. County superintendents of edu- 
cation shall perform such duties and possess such powers as 
are specified elsewhere in this chapter and in this Code, or as 
may be assigned to them by county boards of education ; and 
shall have the right to attend all meetings of the county board 
of education, or committees thereof, except when their own 
tenure, salary, or administration are under consideration, 
and with the right to advise upon any question under consider- 
ation, but with no right to vote.^ Any county board of edu- 
cation may dismiss the county superintendent of education 
at any time, by a four-fifths vote, for incompetency, immoral- 
ity, insubordination, or wilful neglect of duty, and appoint 
his successor, though all superintendents so dismissed may 

more competition between counties for the best men. Some members of the 
commission wanted to divide the counties into four groups, and provide that 
at the first election one-fourth should be elected for one-year, one-fourth for 
two-year, one-fourth for three-year, and one-fourth for four-year terms, and 
thereafter all for four-year terms, so as to insure a better distribution of the time 
when the terms of office of the county superintendents expire. 

^ It was desired here to give the board as large liberty as city boards now 
have in the selection of a city superintendent or a high school principal, and to 
eliminate all extraneous considerations. 

2 This provision frees the county boards from a uniform salary schedule, 
and enables them to compete for the services of good men. 

' This insures the superintendent a legal opportunity to be heard on edu- 
cational matters; his good sense must dictate how much he is to use this 
right. 



46 Educational Reorganization 

appeal to the state commissioner of education for a review of 
the findings, and his decision shall be final. 

Sec. 20. Other officers of the board. — Each county board 
of education shall also appoint a secretary, who shall give 
bonds for the faithful performance of his duty, and who shall 
be under the direction of the county superintendent of edu- 
cation. He shall have charge of the clerical, statistical, and 
financial work of the county educational office, and his quali- 
fications, term,^ compensation, and bonds ^ shall be fixed by 
the county board of education. Whenever county Hbraries, 
as provided for in Chap. V, shall have been organized in any 
county, the county board of education for such county shall 
also appoint a competent county librarian, who shall have 
charge and control of the county hbrary and its branches.^ 
County boards of education shall also appoint a county at- 
tendance-officer, on the recommendation of the county super- 
intendent of education, to supervise the taking of the school 
census, to look after the enforcement of the compulsory 
education and child-labor laws, and to help in administering 
the poor-relief funds provided for in Chap. XVI; and may 
also appoint a county school-health-officer, to supervise the 
health work and physical training in the schools, as provided 
for in Chap. X of this Code. The county treasurer shall act 
as treasurer for all school-districts and subdistricts in the 
county, and shall pay out all funds on the orders of the proper 

^ This office being somewhat confidential in its nature, and requiring intelli- 
gence, accuracy, and honesty, it was not thought desirable to fix any term. 

2 As the work will naturally vary much from small counties where the per- 
son will be little more than a secretary for the board and superintendent, to large 
counties where a large business office will need to be organized and a good busi- 
ness head employed, the fixing of the compensation and bonds was also left to 
the county board. 

^ The state library now being under the state department of education, county 
libraries are now placed under the county educational system, and the county 
librarian is made an appointee of the county board of education. All school 
libraries now become a part of the county library system. 



Revised School Code 47 

district authorities, and when approved by the secretary of 
the county board of education.^ 

Sec. 21. Assistant superintendents and other appointees. 
— Each county board of education shall also appoint, on the 
recommendation of the county superintendent of education, 
such assistant county superintendents of education, super- 
visors of special subjects of instruction, and other officials, 
clerks, stenographers, and assistants, and fix their terms and 
compensations, as the educational and business needs of the 
school department of the county may seem to require ; pYO- 
vided however, that in all counties having over thirty teachers 
working in schools where there is not a supervising principal, 
with at least three hours each day free from instruction for 
the purposes of supervision, city school-districts excepted, 
an assistant superintendent of education must be appointed 
for each additional thirty such teachers, or fraction thereof 
of fifteen or more.^ The county superintendent of education, 
with the approval of the county board of education, shall 
assign all such assistant superintendents to districts, or to 
special forms of supervision. 

Sec. 22. Advisory educational board. — In all counties 
where the county superintendent of education and the 
assistant county superintendents of education together shall 
equal five or more, such shall constitute the advisory edu- 

1 All funds now remain in the county treasury, and all school warrants are 
now to be approved before payment by the secretary of the county board. 
This centralizes and systematizes all financial matters. The old plan of district 
treasurers and district funds was both a waste and a nuisance, and led to end- 
less confusion. 

2 This leaves each county board free to provide such clerical assistance as 
the business needs of the county may seem to require, and eliminates the con- 
stant quarreling with the supervisors to get enough clerical help to carry on 
the business of the office. Similarly, each board is free to employ supervisors 
of music, drawing, agriculture, primary work, etc., as they see fit, the only re- 
quirement being that of assistant superintendents in proportion as the number 
of teachers increases. 



48 Educational Reorgaitization 

cational board for the county; and in counties where the 
combined number shall be less than five, the county board of 
education shall appoint, from among the teachers, principals, 
or special supervisors of schools within the county, a sufficient 
number of such to make, together with the superintendents 
mentioned above, a board of five. All teachers, principals, 
or supervisors so appointed shall be paid their necessary 
traveling expenses in attending meetings of the board. This 
advisory educational board shall meet, at the call of the 
county superintendent of education, to consider such matters 
as he may lay before it, and shall be competent to advise the 
county board of education as to the adoption of courses of 
study, the selection of text-books, the addition of new features 
to the school work, and the classification of the schools.-^ 

Sec. 23. Superintendent's powers and duties. — Each 
county superintendent of education shall be charged with 
the following powers and duties : — 

(i) To act as the executive officer of the county board of 
education, and to execute, under direction of the board, and 
in person or through subordinates, all educational policies 
determined upon by it.^ 

(2) To act as the chief educational officer of the county, and 
as the representative of the state commissoner of education 
within the county, and to have supervisory control of all 
schools under the county board. 

(3) To see that the laws relating to schools and child- welfare 
are obeyed, and that the rules and regulations of the state 

1 This advisory board virtually succeeds to the important functions of the 
old county boards of education, except that they are now advisory to the super- 
intendent and county board, instead of possessing legislative functions them- 
selves. 

2 The county board of education is to be a legislative and controlling body, 
but not an executive one. Once it has determined policies, their execution is 
to rest with the executive officers of the board, chief of which is the county 
superintendent of education. 



Revised School Code 49 

board of education, the state commissioner of education, and 
the county board of education, made in conformity with law, 
are carried into effect. 

(4) To select and nominate, for appointment by the 
county board of education, such assistant superintendents, 
special supervisors, and other officers and assistants as 
may have been authorized by such board or by general 
law, selecting for such positions persons whose qualifica- 
tions conform to law and whose training, experience, and 
character specially commend them as persons well fitted for 
such positions.^ 

(5) To have general supervisory control of all offices under 
the county board of education, and of the work of all assist- 
ants and subordinates; to outline, direct, and coordinate 
their work ; and, for cause, to recommend their dismissal.^ 

(6) To nominate, for election by the county board of edu- 
cation, all teachers and principals for all schools in the attend- 
ance-subdistricts, and in all county schools; to assign them 
to their positions, when elected; to transfer them, as the 
needs of the schools seem to require ; to suspend them, for 
cause; and to recommend them for promotion, or for dis- 
missal.^ 

(7) To visit the schools of the county, observe the instruc- 
tion and management, and give helpful suggestions for im- 

J The success of the county school-system depends greatly upon the quali- 
fications and cooperation of the superintendent's assistants. A lay board should 
themselves select as little expert service as possible. Having selected the super- 
intendent, they should trust his judgment, or remove him. 

2 The responsibility for the successful conduct of the county ofi&ce naturally 
rests with the superintendent, hence he must be given supervisory control of 
all officers and subordinates. 

2 This gives a unity to the school-system of the county which it has not here- 
tofore known, and makes possible promotion on merit to those entering the 
county service. The selection of teachers for the schools and the supervision 
of instruction should go hand in hand, and it is intended here that the coxmty 
board shall elect only on the nomination of the county superintendent. 



50 Educational Reorganization 

proving the same ; to advise and assist teachers, and to counsel 
with school directors; to cooperate with other educational 
forces, public and private ; and to labor, in every practicable 
way, to elevate the standards of management and instruc- 
tion, to awaken interest in educational efforts, and to improve 
the educational conditions within his county.-^ 

(8) To organize and attend county and local or district in- 
stitutes, for teachers and citizens ; to organize and direct the 
work of the reading-circles in his county ; to direct the build- 
ing up of a county professional library ; to advise teachers as 
to professional reading and study ; and to assist parents and 
citizens in becoming acquainted with educational informa- 
tion and literature.^ 

(9) To decide, on appeal to him, all disputes and contro- 
verted points arising within the county, and relating to the 
interpretation or the meaning of this Revised School Code, 
the powers of school officers, or methods of procedure under 
it. His decision shall be final, except as appeal may be taken 
to the state commissioner of education.^ 

(10) To direct the taking of the school census within the 
county, as provided for in Chap. XVI of this Code. Should 
the county superintendent disapprove the final result, or any 
part of it, either for the county school-district or for a city 
school-district within the county, he may order the part or 
parts disapproved retaken, appoint the census marshals to 

1 In freeing the county superintendent from office details it is intended that 
he shall spend much of his time in actual supervision of instruction, and in awak- 
ening community interest in the schools. 

2 Both this subdivision and Chap. XV of this Code make much of the reading- 
circle and other professional work, and the stimulation and direction of this is 
made an important part of the superintendent's work. 

2 This is intended to be a simple, cheap, and expeditious method of settling 
disputes and controversies relating to the school law, appeal from his decision 
lying only to the state commissioner of education. See Sec. 12, subdiv. 2. 
With the abolition of the district system there will be a very much smaller 
number of quarrels to settle. 



Revised School Code 51 

retake it, and order the bill for the same paid by the county 
or city educational authorities concerned.^ 

(11) To recommend for condemnation school buildings which 
are unsanitary and unfit for use ; to recommend repairs, or the 
erection of new buildings; and to approve all plans for al- 
terations in old buildings, in conformity with the provisions 
of Chap. IX of this Code.^ 

(12) After a plan for county educational reorganization, 
as provided for in Art. 6 of this chapter, has been adopted, to 
recommend any changes in subdistrict or district boundary 
lines which may thereafter seem necessary, and to approve 
all proposed changes in such, from whatever source, before 
action is taken on the same by the county board of education.^ 

(13) To approve all contracts for the transportation of 
children to and from school, or for the purchase of wagons, 
automobiles, or other means of transportation, except in city 
school-districts.^ 

(14) To approve the apportionment sheets for all school 
funds, as prepared by the secretary of the board, and to 
approve the monthly pay-roll of all teachers and other em- 
ployees of the county board of education. 

(15) To act as the county representative of the examining, 
certificating, and pensioning division of the state department 
of education, and to issue provisional certificates, as provided 
for in Chap. XIII of this Code. 

* Now that the purpose of the school census is shifted from that of a basis for 
the apportionment of money to that of a knowledge of the children of each age, 
it was feared that some city districts, and possibly some subdistricts, might 
become neghgent in the matter, so the power of ordering it retaken at the negh- 
gent party's expense was deemed to be a wise provision. 

2 Except in large cities, where a regular school architect is likely to be em- 
ployed, the county superintendent is charged with seeing that the law and the 
regulations of the state department of education are followed in the construc- 
tion and repair of all school buildings. 

' This is to insure that only proper changes will be made. 

* This is to prevent extravagance, poor arrangements, or bad contracts. 



52 Educational Reorganization 

(i6) To direct and approve of the classification or reclassifi- 
cation of the schools of the county, outside of cities; and to direct 
and approve of tests to determine their educational efficiency. 

(17) To take the initiative in matters relating to the out- 
lining and administration of the courses of study, the approval 
of text-books, and the selection and supply of supplementary 
books and school supplies, for all schools of the county, outside 
of city school-districts. 

(18) To recommend the establishment of branch libraries, 
as needed, and to assist in the correlation of the work of the 
schools, libraries, farmers' institutes, agricultural advisory- 
service, and other forms of educational activities, with a view 
to rendering the largest possible service, and the development 
of the school as a center for the community life.^ 

(19) To prepare or oversee the preparation of the annual 
report, required of the county board of education, under the 
provisions of Sec. 18, subdiv. 22, of this chapter.^ 

(20) To perform such other duties and to have such other 
powers as may be assigned to him from time to time by the 
general assembly, or by direction of the state or county board 
of education. 

Sec. 24. Powers and duties of the secretary. — The secre- 
tary of the county board of education in each county shall 
be charged with the following powers and duties : — 

(i) To act as secretary of the county board of education ; 
to preserve all books, records, reports of school officers, papers, 
and contracts, and to attend to the clerical, statistical, and 
financial work of the office, under the direction of the county 
superintendent of education, and the county board.^ 

1 The work of developing community-center schools will be one of the most 
important features of the new county-unit educational system. 

2 This would naturally be thought to be his work, but it was thought wise 
to guard the superintendent in the exercise of this important function. 

^ The secretary, under this Code, now succeeds to much of the work which 
formerly occupied the time and energy of our county superintendents, and the 



Revised School Code 53 

(2) To see that all required reports are made to the county 
office by the different school district and attendance-sub district 
authorities within the county ; to see that proper forms are 
used and observed, and that proper accounts are kept; and 
to see that all required financial and statistical reports are 
made to the state department of education. 

(3) To make all purchases, as authorized by the county 
board of education ; to approve all bills for payment, and to 
draw all warrants for services or materials, for approval by 
the proper officers; to prepare the monthly pay-roll for all 
teachers outside of cities, and all employees of the county 
board, for approval by the county superintendent of education ; 
and to draw warrants for. the payment of the same, when 
approved. 

(4) To purchase, as directed by the county board of edu- 
cation, all text and supplemental books and supplies used in 
the schools ; to attend to the distribution of the same to the 
schools, as directed by the superintendent of education ; and, 
in connection with the county Hbrarian and with the approval 
of the superintendent of education, to make rules and regu- 
lations for their use and care. 

(5) To keep a register of the certificates of all teachers 
teaching within the county, and to perform all clerical work 
connected with the examining, certificating and pensioning 
of teachers and validation of certificates within the county, as 
required by the state department of education. 

(6) To apportion, as provided for by law, and subject to 
the approval of the county superintendent of education, the 
income from all state and county school-funds and school- 
taxes, all special taxes for schools levied by subdistricts, and 
all special taxes for schools levied under the direction of the 
county board of education, as provided for in the annual 

secretary's office is now made an important part of the county educational 
administration machinery. 



54 Educational Reorganization 

budget adopted by the county board; to properly accredit 
all such apportionments and unexpended balances ; to keep 
accurate accounts of the different funds apportioned to each 
school-district or subdistrict within the county; and to 
enter on his books, and approve for payment by the 
county treasurer, all warrants drawn on any fund by any 
school-district or subdistrict within the county,^ so that his 
books will at all times show the condition of any fund within 
the county. 

(7) To give all legal notices required by law of county boards 
of education; to give notices of all meetings of the board; 
to keep in his ofhce an accurate map and description of all 
school-districts and attendance-subdistricts within the county, 
and of all property belonging to the county school-district ; to 
issue commissions to school directors; to administer oaths 
of office to new members of the county board of education and 
to the county superintendent of education ; to sign, as secre- 
tary of the county board of education, all contracts which 
have been approved, and to supervise the carr3dng out of 
these contracts; to administer oaths to all persons fiKng 
claims against the county board of education, and otherwise 
as required by law; and to perform such other clerical, 
statistical, and financial duties as may from time to time be 
imposed by law or by direction of the state or county board 
of education. 

Sec. 25. Powers and duties of other county educational 
oflSlcers. — The powers and duties of the county librarian, the 
county attendance-officer, the county school-health-officer, 
and such other county educational officers as may be ap- 
pointed, shall be as specified elsewhere in this Code, or as 
may be outlined by the proper educational authorities. 

iThis sends all warrants of every kind on the school funds through the 
secretary's office and to the county treasurer for payment. This will cause no 
inconvenience, as the warrants will pass within the county as bank checks do. 



Revised School Code 55 

Article 6. County Educational Reorganization 

Sec. 26. Control of existing school-districts. — The admin- 
istration and control of all first and second-class attendance- 
subdistricts, as defined in this Code, existing at the time it 
takes effect, shall pass to the control of the county boards 
of education, under the powers granted to such by Arts. 4 
and 5 of this chapter and the provisions of Chap. Ill, and 
they shall be managed by such county boards of education as 
a unit, under the provisions of this Code, and in the best 
manner possible, but with full power from the first to aban- 
don small, unnecessary, or inefficient schools, and to transport 
the children to other schools.-^ 

Sec. 27. Reorganization commission. — Within one year 
after taking office, each county board of education shall 
appoint a county reorganization commission, to make a survey 
of the educational needs of the county and to study the best 
and most practicable methods for reorganizing the schools of 
the county, outside of city school-districts.^ This commis- 
sion shall consist of the five members of the county board of 
education, the county superintendent of education, two 
teachers or principals of experience within the county, to 
be appointed by the board, and one expert in the matter of 
reorganization,^ to be designated by the state commissioner of 

^ Under the county-unit system the county board of education succeeds to 
the title and control of all school property in the county, outside of the city 
school-districts. Chapter III gives the classification of districts and subdistricts 
under the new reorganization. 

2 The idea is to replace the many scattered small schools by a much smaller 
number of community-center schools of a better t)^e, offering modern educa- 
tional advantages to country and village children. Twenty years of effort 
to secure such schools under the district system have shown the hopelessness 
of trying to seciu-e such by district effort. 

^ There was much discussion as to how to constitute this commission. Some 
favored a small commission of three, consisting of the state expert, the county 
superintendent, and either the president of the county board or a teacher, but 
the present plan was finally decided upon, with the idea of enlisting the coopera- 
tion of the county board of education, by using the professional members. 



56 Educational Reorganization 

education. The expenses of this expert shall be paid by the 
state department ; all other expenses of the commission shall 
be paid by the county board of education. 

Sec. 28. Survey to be made. — This commission shall 
proceed to make a survey of the educational offering and needs 
of the county, taking into consideration all such factors as 
density and character of population; location, character, 
and effectiveness of existing schools; the attendance at the 
same; the geographical configuration of the county; the 
condition of roads, and means of transportation ; the probable 
future development and educational needs; the need for 
instruction in agriculture, manual training, and domestic 
arts; secondary-school facilities provided, and needed; the 
need for separate schools for the negro race ; and the need for 
any special-type elementary or secondary schools to meet 
special educational needs ; — with a view to providing for 
the best possible reorganization of the educational work of 
the county, in a series of community-center consolidated 
schools, with partial or complete high schools attached, and 
with transportation provided as needed, retaining the one- 
teacher school only in such places as seem to be necessary to 
meet special educational conditions. 

Sec. 29. Powers of the commission. — The commission 
may provide for the alteration of district lines, the abolition 
or consolidation of districts, or, where the public convenience 
will be best served by so doing, for the annexing of portions 
or wholes of existing contiguous school-districts to city school- 
districts. It may also provide for joint school-districts with 
another county. It shall also provide for a comprehensive 
scheme for secondary education, by which all the children of 
the county may be provided with some form of secondary- 
school advantages, as required by Art. 14 of this Code. When 
the work has been completed the commission shall formulate 
a report and prepare a map, stating the reasons for the changes 



Revised School Code 57 

and showing the reorganizations necessary, and shall submit the 
same to the state commissioner of education for his approval. 
Sec. 30. Superintendent's approval of plan. — If the plan 
for the reorganization of the educational resources of any 
county, as submitted to the state commissioner of education, 
shall substantially meet the intent of the law, he shall approve 
the same, and transmit it to the county board of education 
for the county for adoption, after which such board shall 
proceed to put the reorganization plan into operation, as 
rapidly as is practicable. The commissioner of education 
may suggest changes or additions, or he may disapprove the 
plan proposed if he considers it inadequate, too elaborate and 
expensive, or one which does not comply with the intent of 
this article, in which case he shall state his reasons for disap- 
proval, in writing, and suggest changes and additions which, 
in his judgment, will produce a satisfactory plan.^ Upon 
receipt of such a disapproval, with reasons or suggestions for 
change, the county reorganization commission shall meet and 
consider the matter again, with a view to meeting the objec- 
tions of the commissioner of education, and shall later submit 
to him either a revision of the plan which substantially meets 
the objections raised, or submit vahd reasons for not desiring 
to comply. If the revision presented, or the reasons for not 
complying, either wholly or in part, shall substantially meet 
the objections of the commissioner of education, and the 
intent of the law, he shall approve the same and transmit 
the plan to the county board of education for adoption ; should 
the commissioner of education still feel that the plan as sub- 
mitted does not comply with the intent of the law, he may 

1 This places the adoption of a satisfactory plan in the hands of the county 
authorities, subject to the approval only of the state commissioner of educa- 
tion. The people have not been asked to vote on the plan, partly because 
ignorant opposition would often defeat a really good plan, and partly because 
the authority for the creation of schools, as defined by Sec. 3 of Art. IX of the 
constitution of Osceola, does not rest with the districts at all. 



58 Educational Reorganization 

again disapprove, after which the same procedure outlined 
above shall be repeated. 

Sec. 31. Penalty for failure. — If any county board of 
education shall fail to adopt a satisfactory plan for county 
reorganization within three years from the taking effect of 
this Code, or shall fail to put the same into substantial opera- 
tion, when adopted, within four years from the taking effect 
of this Code,^ or submit reasons for not so doing which shall 
be satisfactory to the state commissioner of education, he 
shall then appoint experts to visit the county and determine 
the number of each kind of teachers which would be needed 
to teach the schools of the county, outside of city school-dis- 
tricts, and providing only for the kind and scope of education 
at the time provided, if the schools of the county were reor- 
ganized along good and feasible Hnes, and report their findings 
to him ; and, when approved by him, such number, in no 
case larger than the number employed at that time, shall 
constitute the number of teacher-apportionments from the 
income from the state school-tax to which such county school- 
district shall be henceforth entitled, as provided for in Chap. 
VIII of this Code, and no extra aid from the state school- 
fund income, as provided in Sec. 116, Chap. VIII, shall be 
made to such county school-district until it satisfactorily 
complies with the reorganization law.^ 

1 This gives a good length of time for the education of the counties, and also 
gives time to work out surveys and perfect administrative machinery. It also 
spreads out, over a number of years, the consolidated-school building grants 
provided for by Sec. 133 of this Code. 

2 In most of the counties of this state the rural and town schools could be 
taught better by from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent fewer teachers than now 
employed. Under the census-basis of apportioning funds this was of less im- 
portance than under the new teacher-unit basis. The state is not interested 
in paying for unnecessary teachers, and if any county refuses to properly re- 
organize its schools the penalty wiU be that the state will refuse to pay for more 
teachers than would be needed, for the same kind of instruction, under proper 
reorganization, and also refuse to give any extra assistance to such county school- 
district from the income of the permanent state school-fund. 



CHAPTER III. DISTRICT EDUCATIONAL ORGANI- 
ZATION 

Article 7. Classification and Management of 

Districts 

Sec. 32. Classification of districts. — All school-districts 
in this state, now existing or hereafter organized, shall, on 
the taking effect of this Revised School Code, be reclassified 
as county school-districts or as city school-districts. 

Sec. 33. County school-districts. — Each county, except- 
ing only territory comprised in city school-districts, shall 
constitute one county school-district, and shall be under the 
control and management of a county board of education.^ 
For convenience in the establishment of schools, the regula- 
tion of attendance, and the supervision of buildings, county 
boards of education may subdivide those portions of the 
county under their control into attendance-subdistricts, of two 
classes, as follows : — 

(i) Second-class attendance-subdistricts, which shall include 
all school-districts now existing and all attendance-subdistricts 
hereafter created which have three teachers, or a less number, 
employed for full time in their school or schools. ^ 

(2) First-class attendance-subdistricts, which shall include all 
school-districts now existing and all attendance-subdistricts 

^ This unifies the county under one county system, but with large inde- 
pendence for the cities. 

2 There will be but very few schools in this class which will employ more than 
one teacher and, after the reorganizations provided for by Art. 6, but few 
second-class subdistricts in the state. 

59 



6o EdtLcational Reorganization 

hereafter created which have four or more teachers employed 
for full time in their schools, supervising principals not teach- 
ing being counted as full-time teachers, and part-time teachers 
being counted for the fractional time they render service.^ 

(5) Joint school-districts. — Joint school attendance-subdis- 
tricts, of either class, may be established by the joint action of 
two or more county boards of education, for the convenience 
of children living near the borderlines of counties. All such 
subdistricts shall be under the educational, statistical, and 
financial control of the board of education and the super- 
visory control of the county superintendent of education of 
the county in which the schoolhouse is located. 

First and second-class attendance-subdistricts may be 
changed from one to the other by county boards of educa- 
tion, or they may be altered or abolished, as the needs of the 
schools may seem to require. 

Sec. 34. City school-districts. — All school- districts in 
this state, now existing or hereafter organized, which employ 
twenty-five or more full-time teachers, — supervising princi- 
pals, superintendents of instruction, and special teachers to be 
included, and part-time teachers to be counted for the frac- 
tional time they render service, — and which maintain a full 
elementary and secondary course of instruction, and employ 
a city superintendent of schools who is not required to teach 
to exceed one hour a day, and are or may become properly 
organized, as provided by Sec. 37 of this Code, shall be known 
as city school-districts, shall be under the control and manage- 

1 This class will include aU of the small town schools, all of the newer consoli- 
dated schools, and a few of the smaller county-seat towns. Where the schools 
of the county-seat town come under the county board, as will happen in a few 
of the smaller and more rural counties, a system of administration analogous 
to that of a New England town will prevail, and the schools of the entire county 
will then be under one board of control. In the present days of good roads, 
telephones, and automobile transportation, this will prove to be a good and 
an economical arrangement. 



Revised School Code 6i 

ment of city boards of education/ and shall be divided into 
two classes, as follows : — 

(i) Second-class city school-districts, which shall include 
all properly organized city school-districts which employ 
twenty-five or more and less than four hundred teachers, as 
defined above, for full time. 

{2) First-class city school-districts, which shall include all 
properly organized city school-districts which employ more 
than four hundred teachers,^ as defined above, for full time. 

Sec. 35. Existing districts. — All school-districts existing 
in this state at the time this Revised School Code takes effect 
shall be classified by the difi'erent county boards of education, 
as provided for in this article. All county school-districts and 
subdistricts shall pass under the control and management of 
the county boards of education ; and all districts which comply 
with the provisions of this article relating to city districts, 
and become properly organized, shall pass to the control and 
management of city boards of education, subject to the 
powers reserved to the county and the state educational 
authorities. By the mutual consent and agreement of the 
county board of education and the city board of educa- 
tion for the city concerned, subdistricts or parts of sub- 
districts may be transferred from the county school-district 
to a city school-district, or vice versa, as the educational 
needs of the children therein may seem to require.^ The 

* This provides for a separate corporate organization for the cities, and sub- 
sequent sections give them many independent powers. The dividing line of 
twenty-five teachers was selected, after some study of conditions in the state, 
as the point at which the differentiation could be made to take effect most 
equitably. A teacher-employed basis was selected in preference to the school 
population or total population bases as better related to conditions existing, 
the desire being to give those cities which do most for their children the largest 
liberty. It was found that differences as large as forty per cent, in the number 
of teachers employed, exist in cities of the same census size in this state. " 

2 This number also marks a clear differentiation in Osceola. 

' This provision makes for possible consolidation of adjacent districts 



62 Edticational Reorganization 

initiative for such transfers and changes may come from either 
board, or by a petition to both boards signed by the parents 
of twenty children of school age, residing in the area proposed 
to be transferred ; but the final decision as to the desirability 
of the change shall rest with the county board of education. 

Sec. 36. Attendance-subdistrict school officers. — For the 
control of such matters as are intrusted to them by law, and 
to act as representatives of the county board of education in 
the attendance-subdistricts, the following local school ofhcers 
shall be provided for : — 

(i) Second-class attendance-subdistricts shall have one school 
director, to be appointed by the county board of education, 
and whose term of ofiS.ce shall expire with the fiscal year, 
though the county board of education may change, con- 
solidate, or abolish the subdistrict, as they may see fit. 
They may also, at any time, remove a director from ofi&ce 
for gross incompetency, dishonesty, or willful neglect of 
duty, and fill his place by appointment for the unexpired 
term. The clerk of the board of school trustees in office at 
the time this Code goes into effect shall be continued as the 
new subdistrict school director, for a period of one year, 
unless the district be abolished or consolidated at an earlier 
date, while the terms of office of all other school trustees in 
such subdistrict shall terminate on the first day of July 
following the taking effect of this Code.-^ 

(2) First-class attendance-subdistricts shall have a board of 
three school directors, one to be elected each year, from the 

with the city, for educational purposes, which can often be done with both 
financial and educational advantage. It also places the regulation of school- 
district and subdistrict lines with the central educational county board, where 
it should be placed. 

1 This reduces the small district school-boards from three to one, which is 
enough under the new and more limited powers granted to these subdistrict 
authorities. It also reduces the number of school officials in this state by 
about fifteen thousand, which is a decided educational gain. 



Revised School Code 63 

attendance-subdistrict at large, at the June school elections 
provided for by Art. 8 of this chapter, and for a three-year 
term. They shall select one of their number for president 
and one for clerk of the board, at the first meeting of each 
fiscal year. Boards of school trustees in all school-districts 
now existing, which will be classified as first-class attendance- 
subdistricts under this Code, and which are continued in ex- 
istence by the county board of education, shall continue to 
hold ofiice for the terms for which they were elected or ap- 
pointed, and shall constitute the boards of school directors for 
such attendance-subdistricts ; provided, however, that in those 
attendance-subdistricts where the number of members of such 
boards would be larger than three, the terms of office of a 
sufficient number of trustees to reduce the number to three ^ 
shall expire on the first day of July following the taking effect 
of this Code — those whose terms would expire earliest being 
selected for retirement, and, in case of doubt as to who 
should so retire, the designation of the county board of 
education shall be final.^ This board shall also fill by appoint- 
ment all vacancies occurring in the boards of school directors 
for first-class attendance-subdistricts, such appointees to hold 
office until their successors, elected at the next June school 
elections, have qualified ; and may remove any director from 
office and appoint his successor, for any of the reasons for 
which they may remove a director in a second-class attend- 
ance-subdistrict.^ The county board of education may also 
alter or abolish any first-class attendance-subdistrict, as pro- 
vided for by sections 33 and 35 of this Code. 

^ Only some twenty boards in the state will need to be reduced from five to 
three. 

2 As the county board of education fills all vacancies in such boards, it was 
felt that their judgment should be final. This gives a simple, expeditious 
method of settling any controversy which may arise in adjusting terms. 

^ This also provides a simple and expeditious method for removing from office 
directors who are grossly incompetent, dishonest, or willfully neglect their duties, 
F 



64 Educaticrnal Reorgajtization 

Sec. 37. City boards of education. — Each city board of 
education shall consist of five members, one to be elected 
each year, at the annual June school elections pro^•ided for 
by Art. 8 of this chapter, and for a five-year term.^ Elections 
shall be at large from the city school-district, and not by wards 
or other subdi^•isions. In city school-districts of the first 
class the charter of the city \vl\\\ wliich the school-district 
may be partly or wholly coterminous may pro\ide for the 
appointment of members at large by the mayor of the city,^ 
instead of election, but the terms of office, number of members, 
time of taking office, and duties must be as pro^'ided in this 
Code. City boards of education which are elected shall fill 
any vacanc}' wliich may occur in their own membership, the 
appointee holding office until his successor, elected at the next 
June school election, for the unexpired term, shall have quaH- 
fied ; ^ in the case of appointed boards the mayor shall fill all 
vacancies by appointment, and for the unexpired term. 

Sec. 38. Old boards may continue. — Boards of school 

and the filling of their places by men or vromen who will attend to the work. 
In the past there ha^ been nothing to do but to await a new election. The 
new county boards of education, vested as they are with large powers, cannot 
work through such directors a-s have filled the office in many districts in the 
past. As the comity board is responsible for results, it should be given power 
to enforce attention to the duties of the office of school director. 

^ This section unifies the boards for all cities as to size and term, and elimi- 
nates the ward system, party nominations, and election at the same time as 
the city political election. City school boards in Osceola now rim from three 
at large to twenty-four by wards, and with terms of two. three, and four years. 
In some cities all members are elected new biennially, though most cities elect 
one-half biennially, for a four-year term. Due to the filling of vacancies, a 
majority of most city school boards are new following each election, thus ren- 
dering any continuing policy impossible. The power of the state commissioner 
of education (Sec. 12. subdiv. 6) to remove members of city boards from office, 
on charges of incompetency, dishonesty, or willful disobedience of law, was 
inserted by the commission to ser\-e as a check on the longer term. 

^ This option was felt to be desirable for the large cities. 

^ This was felt by all to be a more desirable method, for cities electing their 
boards, than appointment by the mayor or by the county board of education. 



Revised School Code 65 

trustees or boards of education, holding office in city school- 
districts at the time of the passage of this Act, shall constitute 
the new boards of education for such city school-districts, 
except that where the number now constituting such boards 
shall be greater than five, the number shall be reduced to five 
by the retirement of a sufficient number of those ha\ing the 
shortest time to serve. In case the number of members shall be 
less than five, the number shall be increased by election, at the 
June elections pro\-ided for by Art. 8 of this Code, by electing 
additional members for the longer terms. x\fter pro\"iding for 
the decrease or increase in the membership of such boards 
so as to pro\dde for boards of five members, should the terms 
of the members not fully pro\dde for the proper expiration 
of the term of one member each year, as pro\TLded for by Sec. 
37, the county board of education for the county shall then re- 
classify the terms of the members, altering the terms for which 
they were elected as little as possible, so as to provide for the 
proper expiration of terms. In aU cases of doubt as to the 
interpretation of this section, the county board of education 
shaU decide, and its decision shaU be final. 

Sec. 39. Creation of city school-districts. — WTien any 
fijst-class attendance-subdistrict shaU come to have at least 
twenty-five teachers employed, and shall be able and will- 
ing to fulfill all the requirements for erection into a second- 
class city school-district, and the people of the subdistrict 
shall vote to petition the county board of education so to do, 
and shaU agree by vote to assume their proper share of the 
indebtedness of the county school-district, the county board 
of education, if convinced that the subdistrict can continue 
to meet the requirements,-^ shall make an order creating it as 

* This makes proper pro\'i3ion for the growth of new cities, but gives to the 
county board power to determine, before creating such, whether or not their 
growth and ability to comply with the conditions of the law are likely to be 
permanent, 

F 



66 Educational Reorganization 

such, to take effect with the beginning of the next fiscal year, 
and shall direct the election of additional members for the 
board of education of the city school-district, as provided for 
in Sec. 37 of this Code. The amount of the county school-dis- 
trict's bonded indebtedness which the new city school-district 
is to assume shall be proportional to the amounts incurred 
for the benefit of the two districts, and shall be settled by 
arbitration between the two boards. In case the two boards 
cannot agree, the case shall be laid before the commissioner 
of education, and his decision shall be final. The two members 
of the old subdistrict board of school directors, who still have 
one and two years to serve, shall constitute two of the members 
of the new city board, to serve for the length of their unexpired 
terms, while three new members, for three-, four-, and five- 
year terms respectively, shall be elected in June to complete the 
new board. When properly organized, and when agreements as 
to the assumption of indebtedness have been signed, the county 
board of education shall pass title to all the school property 
within the new city school-district ^ to the new board of edu- 
cation for the city school-district, together with the manage- 
ment and control of the schools, subject to the powers, duties, 
and reservations of authority provided for in this Code. Sec- 
ond-class city school-districts, which have attained the re- 
quired size, may be erected into first-class city school-districts, 
on petition therefor by the city board of education to the 
county board of education, and shall succeed to all the powers 
and duties of first-class city school-districts. Should any 
city school-district cease to employ a city superintendent of 
schools, with the required free time for supervision, or to 
maintain a full elementary and secondary course of instruc- 
tion, or, for any cause, come to employ less than twenty-five 

^All cities, as school corporations, should be given control of their school 
buildings, and be expected to provide for their building needs of the future, as 
required by law. 



Revised School Code 67 

teachers, such district may be reduced to a first-class attend- 
ance- subdistrict and pass back to the supervision and manage- 
ment of the county board of education.^ 

Article 8. The School Elections 

Sec. 40. June school elections. — A separate election for 
school officers is hereby provided for and ordered held each 
year, on the second Saturday in June, the first elections to be 
held in June, 1914. At such elections, members of county 
and city boards of education and subdistrict directors for 
first-class attendance-subdistricts shall be elected; bonds or 
increased taxes may be voted, as elsewhere in this Code pro- 
vided ; and county or city boards of education may ask the 
opinion of the electors on any question relating to the con- 
duct of the schools, upon which such boards may, by vote, 
express a desire to secure an opinion. ^ 

Sec. 41. Notices of election. — The existing county super- 
intendents of schools shall give the notices of the necessary 
elections in 19 14, and thereafter the secretary of each county 
board of education shall give the necessary notices by means 
of a printed proclamation, issued at least three weeks in ad- 
vance of the day set for the elections, and which shall be 
ordered posted conspicuously on the schoolhouse in all second- 
class attendance-subdistricts, and on the schoolhouses and in 
two public meeting places in all first-class attendance-sub- 
districts. Copies of the proclamation issued by the secre- 

1 This condition might happen in a few places, by reason of loss in popula- 
tion, and might happen in any small city by the board dismissing its super- 
intendent or reducing its teaching force. As one of the prime considerations 
for erecting the city as an independent unit was to secure the election of a super- 
intendent, with free time for supervision, failure to observe this requirement 
should put the city under county supervision again. 

2 This is a new election, to be held on a day uniform throughout the state, 
and provided for the purpose of taking the school elections out of party politics. 
The opinion asked would of course be only advisory. 



68 Educational Reorganization 

tary of the board shall be mailed to each school officer of 
the county school-district, to each person designated to act 
as inspector or judge of election, and to each newspaper and 
each library in the county, with sufficient copies to the direc- 
tor or clerk of each attendance-subdistrict to enable him to 
do the required posting of the proclamation, which it shall 
be his duty to do. In city school-districts the proclamation 
shall be printed at least twice in a newspaper of general cir- 
culation within the city school-district. The polKng places 
shall be at the public elementary schoolhouses, unless other- 
wise designated ; the voting precincts shall be the same as the 
attendance-districts for such schools, and the polls shall be 
open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. 

Sec. 42. Nature of election notices. — The proclamations 
shall state the day, places, and hours when and where the 
election is to be held ; what school officials are to be elected 
in each district, or subdistrict; what if any taxes are to be 
voted ; what if any questions of policy are to be voted upon ; 
and shall designate one inspector and two judges of election 
for each election precinct in the district or subdistrict. Should 
the secretary of the county board of education fail to give 
the required notices, within two weeks of the day fixed by 
law for holding the elections, any three electors in any county 
subdistrict may post the required notices and provide for 
the conduct of the election. In all city school-districts the 
secretary of the city board of education shall give the notices, 
in a similar manner^ and should he fail to do so within two 
weeks of the time fixed by law for holding the election, any 
three electors may, similarly, give such notices and arrange 
for the conduct of the election. Should the persons designated 
as inspector and judges of election fail to appear, or any of 
them, at the time set for opening the polls, or if none are 
appointed, the electors present may appoint them and con- 
duct the election. Each judge and inspector of election shall 



Revised School Code 69 

be paid $2.00 for his services by the district in which he serves, 
and all other expenses connected with the conduct of any 
election in any county or city school-district shall be paid by 
the county or city school-district concerned. 

Sec. 43. Electors and ballots. — Every quahfied elector, 
as defined in the general election laws, shall be entitled to 
vote, and, if challenged, may swear in his or her vote, as pro- 
vided for under the general election laws of the state. Nomi- 
nations may be made by petition, signed by five per cent of 
the quahfied electors of any district or subdistrict, filed with 
the secretary of the county or city board of education con- 
cerned, and not later than the Monday preceding the time 
set by law for holding the election. All elections shall be by 
ballot, and each county or city school-board shall furnish the 
election officials of each election precinct with ballots, on 
which shall be printed the office to which officials are to be 
elected, with the names of all persons nominated by petition 
for that office arranged in alphabetical order under each office, 
and without any party or other designation whatever, and 
with blank spaces following in which the elector may write 
the name of any other person for whom he may wish to vote. 
Should printed ballots not be supphed, or not suppfied in 
sufficient quantities, a written ballot may be used, as may also 
printed ballots other than those supphed by the county or 
city board of education. The election officers must pubhcly 
canvass the votes immediately after the closing of the polls, 
and must sign and seal the poll and tally fists and forward 
the same, together with the ballots, sealed in separate enve- 
lopes, to the office of the county or city school-board having 
jurisdiction, which body shall canvass the returns and an- 
nounce the result, and, in the case of city school-districts, the 
results must be transmitted at once thereafter to the office 
of the county board of education. 

Sec. 44. Intent of this article. — The intent of this article 



70 Educational Reorganization 

is to provide a simple and inexpensive means of conducting 
school elections, at a time separate from other elections, and 
of eHminating nomination and election on any other basis 
than estimated fitness for the position. To this end the gen- 
eral election laws relating to nomination, form of ballot, and 
manner of voting shall not apply, and any dispute as to the 
conduct or result of the election shall be settled by the county 
board of education, and in such manner as will, in its judgment, 
best carry out the purpose of this Code and the intent of the 
voters, and its decision shall be final ; except^ that in matters 
relating to the election of its own members, or where there 
is reason for believing that the board has ignored or refused 
to hear or consider pertinent facts which might have changed 
the nature of the decision, in which cases appeal may be taken 
to the state commissioner of education for review, and final 
decision.^ 

Article 9. Powers and Duties of School Boards 

Sec. 45. In county districts. — The powers and duties 
of the boards of education for county school-districts shall 
be as prescribed under Chap. II, and the powers and duties 
of subdistrict school directors in county attendance-subdis- 
tricts shall be as follows : — 

(z) In second-class attendance-subdistricts, the school director 
shall act as a means of communication between the people of 
the subdistrict and the county board of education; shall 
look after the school property, and, as directed, shall make or 
oversee the making of repairs; shall assist the teacher, as 
needed, in matters of attendance and discipline; shall re- 
port any violation of the laws relating to education ; shall see 

*To keep down the cost, the schoolhouses have been designated as the 
polling places, and the whole character of the election made as informal and 
inexpensive as possible. Any disputes arising out of the election are also to be 
settled in the same inexpensive and expeditious manner. 



Revised School Code "Ji 

that the school is properly provided with fuel and teaching 
supplies ; shall arrange for and oversee the cleaning and jani- 
tor service of the school ; and shall make all reports required 
by any higher educational authority.^ 

(2) In first-class attendance-subdistricts, the board of school 
directors shall have all the powers and duties of the school 
director of second-class attendance-subdistricts, and, in addi- 
tion, shall have power to recommend to the county board 
desired changes in and additions to the courses of instruc- 
tion for the subdistrict; to suggest preferences to the 
county superintendent of education as to teachers, principals, 
and dates for opening and closing the school terms; to pre- 
pare and submit an annual estimate of needed repairs, sup- 
plies, and enlargements; may petition the county board 
of education to provide additional school facihties, of any 
kind, or different transportation arrangements ; and may vote 
to instruct the secretary of the county board of education to 
add to the ballots, for the June school election, the question 
of levying a subdistrict tax, not over 2^ mills in amount, to 
provide additional specified material equipment or educational 
facihties over and above what the county board of education 
can provide, and, if voted, may direct its expenditure.^ 

Sec. 46. City school-districts of the second class. — Each 
city board of education in a city school-district of the second 
class shall have the following powers and duties : — 

^ This is a great reduction in powers and duties for such directors, but the 
ones left are all there is any educational need for their exercising. The selec- 
tion of teachers and the supervision of instruction are functions the director 
is seldom competent to exercise intelligently, and which this act now provides 
shaU be exercised by the county superintendent and his assistants. With the 
reduced duties, there is no need for more than one director to a subdistrict. 
Under the plan for county educational reorganization, there will in time be but 
few second-class subdistricts left in any county. 

2 These will be the consolidated districts and the small town schools, and the 
directors here are given somewhat larger powers. For such schools a board of 
three was felt to be desirable. 



72 Educational Reorganization 

(i) To employ a city superintendent of education, and 
fix his compensation, though all city school superintendents, 
employed after July i, 191 7, shall hold some form of super- 
visory certificate, as provided for by Chap. XIII of this Code, 
or credentials for the same; and all city superintendents of 
education shall be employed for four-year terms,-^ unless dis- 
missed earHer by a four-fifths vote of the board for immoral- 
ity, incompetency, insubordination, or willful neglect of the 
duties of his ofhce.^ City superintendents of education shall 
have the right to attend all meetings of the board of educa- 
tion, or committees thereof, except when their own salary, 
tenure, or administration are under discussion, and to speak 
on any question, but with no right to vote.^ 

(2) To adopt, on the recommendation of the city superin- 
tendent of education,^ the courses of instruction for all schools 
under its supervision and control, and in conformity with 
the regulations of Chap. IV of this Code ; and to adopt and 
supply, free of charge, all text-books, supplemental books, and 
school supplies used in the schools.^ The text-books adopted 
need not be uniform^ for all schools of the city, but all books 

1 This is felt to be an improvement on the one-year term which has been the 
common custom in the past, and will give superintendents more independence 
and lead to better administrative conditions. 

2 As so much depends on the city superintendents under this new Code, the 
right of dismissal is an almost necessary safeguard. 

2 This is also a safeguard in the interests of efficient administration, and 
guarantees to a superintendent a right which some school boards would like to 
suppress. 

^ The responsibility for recommending courses of instruction in the cities, as 
in the counties, is placed with the superintendent. 

5 Text-books should be adopted to fit courses and needs, and the recommenda- 
tion for such should come from the superintendent. In giving all cities power 
to adopt courses of study and select their text-books, the commission unani- 
mously took the stand that the unit for supervision, be it county or city, should 
be the unit for the selection of text-books and the outlining of courses of study. 

^ The only argument for uniformity has been the cost of new books when 
pupils are transferred, but when books are provided free to all, this reason van- 



Revised School Code 73 

and suppKes furnished must be as recommended by the city 
superintendent of education. 

(3) To employ such principals, teachers, special teachers, 
supervisors, and assistant superintendents for the schools 
of the city as may be deemed necessary ; to fix their compensa- 
tion, and order paid their salaries, if possessed of the legal cer- 
tificates required by Chap. XIII of this Code ; and to reheve 
such from employment, in accordance with the provisions 
of the law relating to the tenure of teachers, as provided in 
Chap. XIV of this Code. 

(4) To employ janitors and other employees, and to have 
control and title to all school property of the city school- 
district, with power to care for, insure, repair, lease, or rent 
the same; and with power to acquire sites and build build- 
ings, as provided for in Chap. IX of this Code. 

(5) To provide for the taking of a continuing school census, 
in such manner as the county superintendent of education 
may direct, and as provided for by Chap. XVI, and to have 
the results submitted to him for his approval. 

(6) To provide and maintain a complete system of elemen- 
tary and secondary schools. 

(7) To provide and maintain, as means will permit or ne- 
cessities may require, or as may be required by this Code 
or by general law, — kindergartens ; intermediate schools ; 
libraries and museums ; instruction for parents ; evening 
schools ; post-graduate secondary-school instruction ; vaca- 
tion schools ; playgrounds ; special instruction or schools for 
delinquent, dependent, or defective children; or for such 
forms of instruction in industrial education, agriculture, or 
household economics as they may deem desirable. County 
and city boards of education may also unite for the joint estab- 

ishes, while the educational needs of the schools in different parts of our large 
cities and in different parts of a county school-district alike dictate a variation 
from uniform texts. 



74 Educational Reorganization 

lishment and maintenance of any such instruction or school, 
and upon such terms as may be agreed upon between 
them.-^ 

(8) To prepare an annual budget of expenses each year, 
and, after estimating the amount to be received from state 
and county school funds, to certify to the county board of 
education, for transmission to and levy by the county board 
of supervisors, such additional sums as may be necessary to 
maintain at least nine months of elementary and secondary 
instruction in the district, and also to maintain such other 
t3^es of schools and educational undertakings as may have 
been estabhshed within the district ; ^ provided, that this can 
be done within the tax Hmits provided for city school-districts 
by the provisions of Chap. VII of this Code. 

(9) In the name of the board of education for the (name of 
city) city school-district, to possess corporate powers ; to sue 
and to be sued ; to acquire, hold, lease, and sell real and per- 
sonal property; to receive bequests and donations; to con- 
demn property needed for educational purposes; and to 
perform other corporate acts. 

(10) To adopt rules and regulations, not inconsistent with 
law, or the rules and regulations of the state board of edu- 
cation made in conformity with law, for the government of 
the schools and the school business of the district. 

(11) To keep financial and statistical records, and to make 
an annual statistical and financial report to the county super- 
intendent of education, not later than the first day of July, 

1 This gives each city power to provide ahnost any tjqje of school it deems 
to be desirable, or to unite with the county educational authorities in the joint 
maintenance of such. 

2 This gives to all city school corporations the right to determine their own 
needs, without the interference from the city councils which have characterized 
city school administration in the past. The check on their actions is the limit 
as fixed by law, which cannot be exceeded. Within these limits the school 
board is free to act. 



Revised School Code 75 

and according to forms prescribed by the state commissioner 
of education, under pain of forfeiting any share in the income 
from the state school-fund and the state school-tax for failure 
properly so to do. 

(12) To supply such other information relating to the 
work or conduct of the schools under their charge as may 
be requested by county, state, or national educational 
authority. 

(13) In cities where the control of the free library has been 
transferred to the board of education for the school-district, 
to appoint a Hbrarian for the same, who shall be appointed, 
hold office, and have the powers and duties as provided for 
county hbrarians by Chap. V of this Code, in so far as these 
may apply to city school-district libraries. 

(14) To cause to be prepared and printed, in sufficient 
quantities to meet the reasonable demands for such, an annual 
report, addressed to the people of the city, and covering the 
condition, progress, and needs of the schools ; recent results 
accomphshed; the work of special schools maintained; the 
needs of the schools of the city school-district ; and condensed 
statistical and financial statements, with such interpretations 
of the same as may seem desirable. When printed, in addi- 
tion to such general distribution as may seem wise, one copy 
of this report must be sent to each library of whatever kind 
and to each newspaper in the county; one copy sent to 
each city board of education in the state; five copies sent 
to the office of the county board of education for the county ; 
twenty-five copies sent to the state department of edu- 
cation ; and three copies to the United States commissioner 
of education. 

(15) To have such other powers and functions as may be 
in the future assigned to them by act of the general assembly, 
or by rule or regulation of the state or county board of edu- 
cation, made in conformity with law. 



76 Educational Reorganization 

Article io. Educational Organization in Cities of 

THE First Class 

Sec. 47. Organization and committees. — Boards of educa- 
tion in city school-districts of the first class shall consist of five 
members, elected or appointed as provided for by Sec. 37 
of this Code. Each such board shall reorganize each year, 
at the first regular meeting after the first day of July, by 
electing one of its own members as president of the board, 
who shall exercise the usual functions of such an ofiicer. 
There shall be no regular standing committees, it being the 
intention of this article that boards of education in city 
school-districts of the first class shall act largely on the ad- 
vice of their executive officers, and shall consider educational 
matters as a committee of the whole. Temporary special 
committees, to consider and report on such matters of policy, 
finance, and procedure as may be referred to them, may be 
appointed from time to time by the president of the board. 

Sec. 48. Executive officers. — Each board of education 
in city school-districts of the first class shall elect the follow- 
ing executive officers, and, subject to the provisions of this 
article, shall determine their tenure, fix their compensation, 
and assign them their duties : — 

1 . A superintendent of education ; 

2. A business manager ; 

3. A superintendent of properties; 

4. A superintendent of school attendance. 

City boards of education in city school-districts of the first 
class shall have power to create, from time to time, such other 
executive departments and such sub-departments as the needs 
of the schools may seem to require. 

Sec. 49. Powers and duties. — It shall be the duty of 
boards of education in all city school-districts of the first 
class to determine all large questions of policy ; to adopt the 



Revised School Code jj 

annual budget of expenditures for the schools; to fix the 
salary of all employees ; to approve all expenses incurred ; 
to purchase new school sites, and to order new buildings 
erected, as the needs of the schools and other educational 
institutions under their control may necessitate; to decide 
upon all enlargements of sites or buildings ; and to approve 
all contracts entered into. It shall, on the other hand, be 
the duty of the chief executive officers of the board to execute, 
under direction, the poHcies decided upon, and to carry out 
the improvements, changes, and additions ordered made. It 
shall be primarily the work of the boards of education to legis- 
late, decide, and direct; the work of the executive officers 
shall be to carry into execution the policies decided upon by 
the boards of education.^ 

Sec. 50. The superintendent of education. — City superin- 
tendents of education in city school-districts of the first class 
shall be elected and shall hold office as provided for in Sec. 46, 
subdivision i, of this Code. Each such superintendent shall 
act as the chief executive officer of the board of education 
for the school district electing him, and shall have general 
coordinating authority and oversight over the work of all 
executive officers and other employees of the school-district. 
He shall have full responsibihty for the courses of instruction, 
the selection of text and supplemental books, and the selection, 
promotion, assignment, transfer, or dismissal of assistant sup- 
erintendents, special supervisors, principals, and teachers, the 
board of education acting on all such matters only on his 
recommendation. In case of a conffict in authority between 
the superintendent of education and any other executive 
officer, the superintendent of education shall decide, unless 
the board of education shall otherwise order, in each case.^ 

^ This makes a clear-cut division of powers and duties, which it is beheved 
will be in the interests of efficient school administration in our cities. 

2 This definitely makes the superintendent of education the head of the school 
system for the city. 



7^ Educational Reorganization 

Sec. 51. The business manager. — A business manager 
shall be elected by the board of education for each city school- 
district of the first class, and they shall determine his tenure 
and compensation. He shall have charge of all business 
affairs of the school-district, subject to the supervision of the 
board of education; shall make all purchases, approve all 
bills, and, when ordered paid by the board, draw vouchers 
for their payment ; shall pay all employees for services per- 
formed ; and shall act as secretary of the board of education. 
He shall recommend all employees in his department for 
employment or dismissal, and may suspend any such employee, 
for cause. He shall also be responsible for the successful 
conduct of the business affairs of the school-district; shall 
give bonds, in such reasonable sums as the board of educa- 
tion may determine, for the faithful performance of his duties ; 
and the books of his office shall be audited each year, on order 
of the board of education.^ 

Sec. 52. The superintendent of properties. — A superin- 
tendent of properties shall be elected by the board of educa- 
tion for each school-district of the first class, and they shall 
determine his tenure and compensation. He shall have 
general charge of the erection, care, and repair of all school 
property, subject to the general direction of the board of edu- 
cation; the school janitors, and any janitors employed in 
libraries or other educational institutions under the control 
of the board of education, shall be under his direction and 
instruction; and he shall recommend all employees in his 
department for appointment or dismissal, and may suspend 
any employee, for cause. 

1 This relieves the superintendent of education from the necessity of handling 
all or most of the business affairs of the school-district, as the next section relieves 
him of the necessity of supervising the construction or repair of school buildings. 
It was the desire to centralize his work on the educational aspects of the posi- 
tion, and relieve him of all except coordinating oversight and control of the 
business affairs of the school-district. 



Revised School Code 79 

Sec. 53. The superintendent of school attendance. — 

A superintendent of school attendance shall be elected 
by the board of education for each school-district of the 
first class, and they shall fix his tenure and compensation. 
He shall have charge of the enforcement of the compulsory 
attendance law within the school-district, and those parts 
of the child-labor and poor-relief laws which relate to 
school attendance and for which school-attendance officers 
are responsible, under the provisions of this Code; the 
general out-of-school supervision of incorrigible and dehn- 
quent children; and the taking of the school census within 
the district, and the care of the school-census records for 
the same. 

Sec. 54. General powers and duties. — Boards of educa- 
tion for each city school-district of the first class shall have 
all of the powers and duties, in addition to those enumerated 
in this article, prescribed by Sec. 46 of this Code for boards 
of education for city school-districts of the second class, and, 
in addition, the following : — 

(i) May employ a regular school-architect, who shall at- 
tend to the designing of school buildings for the city school- 
district. The school-architect and the superintendent of 
education shall then approve all plans for the construction 
or repair of school property within the school district, and 
the further approval by the state department of education 
shall not be required. 

(2) May estabhsh and maintain a city-district normal 
school, for the training of teachers for the elementary schools 
of the school district, — provided, that the requirements for 
admission to and graduation from such school shall not be 
less than for the normal schools maintained by the state ; 
that the course or courses of instruction shall have been ap- 
proved by the state board of education, as equivalent in quahty 
to those of the state normal schools; and that the school 



So Educational ReorgoMization 

shall be open to inspection and approval by the state depart- 
ment of education.^ 

(3) Must maintain a series of after-school and vacation 
playgrounds, under competent direction, sufficient to meet 
the needs of the children of the city, and in doing so may 
cooperate with other branches or commissions of the city 
government. 

(4) In addition to the types of schools and educational 
institutions permitted for city school-districts of the second 
class, may also provide any other form of school or educational 
institution which the peculiar needs of the city school-dis- 
trict may seem to them to require, provided the same can be 
done within the hmits of taxation fixed by Chap. VII of this 
Code. 

Sec. 55. Combined city and county government. — In 
case the city and the county governments in any county in 
this state should be consolidated into one combined city and 
county government, the city form of school organization shall 
prevail, following the form of organization prescribed for cities 
of the first class, and the board of education and the superin- 
tendent of education for such consolidated city and county 
shall assume all of the duties of the county board of education 
and county superintendent of education, so far as the same 
may apply to the new form of organization, and shall report 
directly to the state department of education and the state 
commissioner of education. The city school corporation for 
such consolidated city and county government shall remain 
distinct from the city and county civil government, as pro- 
vided for by Sec. 3 of Art. IX of the constitution of Osceola. 

^ This was felt to be a wise safeguard against poor and cheap training-classes, 
giving a preparation for teaching inferior to that given by the state normal 
schools, and serving as inbreeding institutions for the weakening of education 
in the city. Only a large city needs such a school, and it may maintain such 
only if it does not cheapen the standards set by the state. 



TITLE II. THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

CHAPTER IV. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY 

INSTRUCTION 

Article ii. General Definitions 

Sec. 56. Extent. — The public school system of the state of 
Osceola is to be considered as one continuous school system, 
extending from the kindergarten to and through the state 
university, and the necessity for a close articulation of the 
different grades and divisions is to be kept prominent in the 
administration of the different parts of the state school system.^ 

Sec. 57. Classification of schools. — For purposes of classi- 
fication and the apportionment of funds,^ the following classi- 
fication of elementary and secondary schools shall be made : — 

(i) The elementary- school system shall be considered as 
embracing the eight years of instruction, in the subjects re- 
quired to be taught by state or district authorities, in grades 
one to eight inclusive, in the pubKc-school course. Second- 
class attendance-subdistricts may offer a nine years' course of 
instruction, but for purposes of apportionment such shall be 
considered as a part of the elementary-school course.^ All 

^ The elementary and secondary parts of the state school system, as well as 
industrial education, are set off and treated separately from the other parts of 
the state school system because such are under the control of district authorities, 
while the higher educational institutions of the state are under separate boards 
of control. 

2 See Chap. VIII. Conceiving the school system as a unit, a large series of 
subsidies is here provided for desirable educational undertakings. 

^ Secondary-school subjects may be, in part offered, but such one-teacher 
schools are hardly fit to offer any real secondary-school instruction, and all 
pupils enrolled in such work are classified, for state money-grants, as elementary- 
school pupils. 

G 81 



82 Educational Reorganization 

kindergarten instruction preceding the regular elementary 
course of instruction shall also be regarded as a part of the 
elementary course of instruction.^ 

(2) The secondary-school system shall be considered as 
embracing the four years of instruction from the ninth to the 
twelfth year inclusive of the public-school course. In all 
city school-districts the secondary-school facihties provided 
must include the twelfth year of instruction, and may be 
extended to include the thirteenth and fourteenth years.^ 

Sec. 58. Intermediate schools. — Intermediate schools, be- 
ginning with the seventh year of elementary-school instruction, 
and including the eighth and ninth years, with the tenth year 
optional, may be organized by the board of education for any 
city school-district, or by the county board of education for 
any first-class subdistrict.^ 

Sec. 59. Basis for classifications. — The state board of 
education, acting on the recommendation of the state com- 
missioner of education, shall adopt and publish rules and 
regulations for making the classifications of Sees. 57 and 58, 
and the conditions upon which state money-grants may be 
made ^ for any kind of a school, teacher, or other form of aid. 

^ This includes the kindergarten as a part of the elementary school. Hereto- 
fore it has had no standing, being permitted as an extra only to cities paying 
for such instruction wholly themselves. Country and village consolidated 
schools may now add such instruction, if desired, and have it included in the 
state apportionment. 

2 Instruction has heretofore been limited to the twelfth year. This enables 
the larger cities to provide junior college instruction for their children, if they 
desire to do so. 

^ These have been organized by some of our cities heretofore, by grouping 
such grades in separate buildings. Generally but three grades have been 
included, — the seventh, eighth, and ninth. In cities developing post-gradu- 
ate secondary-school courses (thirteenth and fourteenth years) , it will probably 
be advisable to include the tenth year in the intermediate school. In the new 
apportionment plan (Chap. VIII) a premium is now placed on the establish- 
ment and maintenance of intermediate schools. 

* This is for the purposes of apportioning funds. See Chap. VIII. 



Revised School Code 83 

Sec. 60. Kindergartens. — Any school- district, county or 
city, may precede the elementary-school instruction, in con- 
nection with any or all of its elementary schools, by kinder- 
garten instruction, in any amount from one-half year up to two 
full school years, as may be deemed best ; and such kinder- 
garten instruction, when provided, shall be considered as a 
part of the elementary- school course of instruction, and in 
addition to the regular eight years of elementary instruction. 
A kindergarten teacher's certificate shall be required for in- 
struction in any kindergarten class. 

Sec. 61. Schools for special classes. — Any county or city 
school- district, when the need for the same shall arise, may 
estabhsh separate schools for the oral instruction of dear 
children, or for those who, from deafness, are unable to hear 
common conversation ; for the instruction of the bhnd ; for 
the instruction of superior, backward, or dull children; for 
the instruction of ^' border-Hne " and feeble-minded children ; 
and for the instruction of truants, incorrigibles, and misfits.^ 
County boards of education may unite with city boards of 
education in the establishment and maintenance of such 
schools, or county boards of education may contract with 
city boards of education for the education of such special- 
type children in the schools maintained by a city school- 
district.^ The course of instruction in all such special schools 
may depart from the regular course of instruction in any way 
that will better adapt the instruction to the pecuhar needs of 
the pupils in such schools.^ 

Sec. 62. Special schools for negroes. — Any county or 

1 Many new t3^es of schools are here permitted which the old Code did not 
authorize. It was desired to give districts permission, so that they would be 
free to act whenever their needs and means made action desirable. 

2 This permits a county school-district to contract with a city school-district 
for the education of its abnormal children, — a thing not heretofore possible. 

^ This does away with the old state requirement as to uniform courses of 
study for all schools. 



84 Educatioital Reorganization 

city school-district may also establish separate schools for 
children of the negro race, when there are enough of such to 
make such separate instruction advantageous, though when 
such separate schools are estabhshed, the negro children shall 
be given equal advantages in term and course of instruction 
with children of the white race in the same city school-district 
or county subdistrict, though the course of instruction need 
not be the same for the two races. A special secondary 
school for the instruction of children of the negro race may be 
established by any county or city school-district authority, 
acting separately or in cooperation, when there are enough 
secondary-school pupils of such race to make such instruction 
possible and desirable ; or either district may contract with the 
other to provide secondary-school facilities for any or all of its 
negro children. 

Article 12. Attendance and Term 

Sec. 63. Age limits. — The public schools of the state 
shall be open for the instruction of all children between six 
and twenty-one years of age, though any or all children two 
or more years overage for any grade may be classified in sepa- 
rate schools, if deemed best by the school board for the dis- 
trict.^ Special schools for the oral instruction of the deaf 
shall be open for the instruction of such who are three years 
of age or over, and kindergartens shall be open for the instruc- 
tion of all such children, below six years of age, as may be 
ordered by the school authorities for the district. Any public 
school may be open for the instruction of those over twenty- 
one years of age, by permission or general regulation of the 
governing school board for such school.^ 

1 This has been attempted by some cities, but there has always been a ques- 
tion as to their legal right to do so. This section permits any school-district 
to do that which it deems best for its pupils. 

2 The old Code did not permit this. This opens the way for any kind of 
adult education. 



Revised School Code 85 

Sec. 64. Exclusion from school. — The governing board 
for any school-district shall have power to exclude children 
of filthy or vicious habits, or children suffering from contagious 
or infectious diseases ; and, when separate schools or classes 
for the instruction of any of the classes of children enumerated 
above in Sec. 61 and Sec. 62 have been estabhshed in any 
district or attendance-subdistrict, the governing boards may 
require the attendance of such at such special schools. 

Sec. 65. Time and term. — The dates for opening and 
closing the school terms shall be fixed by the board of edu- 
cation for each county for all county school-subdistricts, and 
by the board of education for each city school-district, but 
not less than eight months of instruction shall be provided in 
day schools in each second-class attendance-subdistrict or 
county school of agriculture, and not less than nine months 
of instruction in the day schools in any first-class attendance- 
subdistrict or city school-district in the state.^ Summer 
vacation-schools must be maintained at least six weeks, and 
evening schools at least seventy-five evenings, to quahfy for 
state grants. County boards of education may fijc different 
dates for the opening and closing of terms for different at- 
tendance-subdistricts in the same county, if such will better 
accommodate the children of such attendance-subdistricts. 
City school-districts may maintain vacation schools and vaca- 
tion playgrounds, as needed, and of such types as will best 
meet their needs, and may maintain any or all of their schools 
during the entire year.^ 

Sec. 66. School holidays. — The following are designated 

1 The old law said six months for all, though all but a few cities provided 
nine months. Under the new apportionment laws and county-unit organiza- 
tion an eight-months' school ought to be possible everywhere. As soon as the 
county reorganization, provided for by Art. 6, has been carried out, a nine- 
months' school will be possible almost everywhere, without much need for the 
special state aid for poor districts, provided for in Chap. VIII. 

2 A new and a desirable provision. 



S6 Educational Reorganization 

as school holidays, and on these days, should the schools 
be in session at the time, schools shall be closed; viz. 
every Sunday; the day designated by the President of the 
United States as Thanksgiving Day, and the Friday and 
Saturday following; the 25th day of December; the ist day 
of January ; the 30th day of May ; and the 4th day of July. 
Should any of the four days last named fall upon a Sunday, 
and the Monday following be generally observed as the holi- 
day, the schools shall be closed on such Monday also. On 
all other days celebrated as legal holidays the schools shall 
remain in session, if such days come during term time.-^ 

Sec. 67. Definition of months and years. — The terms 
school month and school year, as used in this chapter and else- 
where in this Code, shall be understood to mean twenty full 
days for a school month, unless otherwise ordered as provided 
below ; school year shall be understood to mean the full school 
year as taught, but in no case less than eight months. Legal 
holidays not taught are to be counted as days taught, if they 
come on regular school days, during the school term. Any 
city or county school-district may also provide for instruction 
for any or all of its schools on Saturdays, and for part or all 
of the day, in which case Saturday shall be added to the num- 
ber of days constituting a school week, thus making a school 
month of twenty-four days for such districts. 

Article 13. Instruction 

Sec. 68. Elementary-school instruction. — The course or 
courses of instruction for each city school-district shall be 
adopted by the board of education for the district, on the 
recommendation of the city superintendent of education; 

1 This eliminates many of the unnecessary school holidays which have 
gradually been added to the laws. The enumeration of Saturday as a holiday 
is also eliminated, so that schools may be held then, if desired, as our larger 
cities probably will soon desire to do. 



Revised School Code 87 

and for each county school-district or subdistrict by the county 
board of education, on the recommendation of the county 
superintendent of education, though different courses may be 
adopted for different schools within the city or county school- 
district, and changes in courses may be permitted to meet 
local needs. -^ The course or courses of instruction for ele- 
mentary schools shall include reading, writing, spelling, arith- 
metic, the use of the EngHsh language, American and Enghsh 
literature, geography, history of the United States, nature 
study, music, drawing, physical training and personal hygiene, 
and such other studies as may be included by city or county 
authority. In rural schools, single or consoKdated, and in 
village schools, the nature study shall be closely related to 
agriculture ; and instruction in manual training and domestic 
science shall be included in the instruction in all schools where 
facilities for such instruction can be provided, and must be 
included in all elementary schools employing four or more ele- 
mentary-school teachers.^ 

Sec. 69. Intermediate-school instruction. — Where inter- 
mediate schools have been provided, taught by teachers hold- 
ing intermediate-school or secondary-school certificates,^ 
and according to departmental methods of instruction, dif- 
ferent and parallel courses of instruction may be outKned for 
the intermediate-school grades. The subjects to be taught 
in such schools shall include such of the subjects of instruction 
required for elementary schools as belong to the upper ele- 
mentary grades, may include instruction in other languages 
than the English, and in such subjects of secondary-school 

1 The unit of supervision is here made the unit for the adoption of courses 
of study, as it is also made the unit for the adoption of text-books further on in 
this Code. The adoption, too, is made on the recommendation of the educa- 
tional authorities, and different courses for different schools are now permis- 
sible. 

2 These are new requirements in this state. 
^ As required by Title V of this Code. 



88 Educational Reorganization 

grade, or of an industrial or vocational nature, as may be 
included in the course of instruction as adopted, in the manner 
prescribed in Sec. (y^^ by the proper district authorities.-^ 

Sec. 70. Secondary-school instruction. — Secondary 
schools, estabhshed by county or city school-district authori- 
ties, may offer such instruction as is deem_ed desirable or 
needed, and may be of different types, if the educational 
needs of the district make such differentiation desirable. 
The courses of instruction for each school shall be approved 
by the governing board for such school, as provided for in 
Sec. 68, though the principal of any secondary school or the 
board of subdistrict directors having any secondary schools 
under their charge may request changes or additions. In all 
city school-districts emplo3dng fifty or more teachers, counted 
as provided for in Art. 7, Sec. 34, of this Code, courses of in- 
struction in manual training and household economics must 
be included ; and in all full four-year secondary schools, lo- 
cated in village or rural districts, courses in household eco- 
nomics, manual training, and agriculture must be provided.^ 

Sec. 71. Language of instruction. — All elementary, in- 
termediate, and secondary schools must be taught in the 
English language, except that other languages than the Eng- 
list may be taught as part of the course of instruction, and, in 
city school-districts, one or more elementary schools may be 
taught, for not to exceed one-half of each day, in a language 
other than English, if the necessities of the case so seem to 
require.^ 

1 It has been the desire that the courses here should be somewhat flexible. 
In the cities pre-vocational courses of an industrial type are needed, while in 
many villages such courses should be more agricultural in type. In all the 
cities cultural courses, suited to the needs of the super-normal child, are desirable, 
and can now be included in such schools. 

2 These are new regulations, but they are such as can be met without difficulty. 
^ This last still seems to be a necessary concession, in certain of our cities, 

to get certain types of foreign-born children into the public schools at all. 



Revised School Code 89 

Article 14. Secondary-school Advantages 

Sec. 72. Types of schools in cities. — All city school- 
districts must maintain full twelve years of elementary and 
secondary instruction, not including kindergarten years, 
and any city school-district may estabHsh evening continua- 
tion, commercial, industrial, practical-arts, or trade schools 
of secondary grade, or may maintain day secondary schools 
of any type during part or all of the usual summer vacation 
period. 

Sec. 73. Secondary schools in county districts. — County 
boards of education may arrange with city school-districts 
for the education of part or all of the secondary-school pupils 
of the county ; may establish one or more county secondary 
schools, of the same or of different types ; may subdivide the 
county into secondary-school attendance-subdistricts, by 
grouping the elementary-school attendance-subdistricts, and 
provide for partial or complete secondary schools in each ; or 
may provide for the establishment of partial or complete 
secondary schools in any of the attendance-subdistricts of the 
county, using whatever plan or combination of plans will best 
place free secondary-school advantages within the reach of all 
the children of the county. Any county school-district may 
also estabHsh a county secondary school of agriculture and 
domestic arts, as provided for in Sec. 81 of this Code, and may 
combine with such school a county teachers'-training-school to 
train teachers for service in the rural schools of the county.^ 

Sec. 74. Approved secondary schools. — In connection 
with the proper committee of the University of Osceola, the 
state department of education shall provide uniform rules 
and regulations for the approval of four-year secondary 
schools, or secondary schools based on intermediate schools 
or other schools where the completion of the course is the 

^ Provided for more in detail under Chaps. V and XII. 



90 Educational Reorganization 

equivalent to graduation from a four-year secondary school, 
and for the purpose of approving the school for the admission 
of its recommended graduates to the University of Osceola, 
as provided for by Sec. 77 of this Code. 

Sec. 75. Reasonable advantages must be provided. — In 
the educational reorganization provided for in Chap. II, 
Art. 6, a plan for placing such free secondary-school advan- 
tages within the reach of all children in the county shall be 
included, and if, within four years from the time of the adop- 
tion of this Revised School Code, any county board of educa- 
tion shall have failed to make reasonable provision for free 
secondary-school advantages for the children of secondary- 
school age within the county, it shall be competent for any 
five citizens residing within the county, who have children 
of such school age for whom a reasonable provision for free 
secondary-school instruction has not been made, to lodge a 
formal complaint with the state commissioner of education, 
setting forth in what way the county board of education has 
failed to make such provision, and asking for an examination 
into the facts of the case.-^ 

Sec. 76. State commissioner to investigate. — On the 
receipt of such a formal complaint the state commissioner of 
education shall order an investigation of the facts of the case, 
and if he finds that the county board of education has not 
made reasonably adequate provision for secondary-school 
instruction, — needs, distances, pupils, and tax-rates consid- 
ered, — he may direct the county board of education to make 
such provision, under the provisions of Art. 3, Sees. 11 and 
12, of this Revised School Code, and, to insure compliance 

1 In the county educational reorganization, provided for by Art. 6, good 
secondary-school provision will undoubtedly be made. It is the intent of this 
section that secondary-school advantages should be provided for all. Should 
any county board of education fail or refuse to make proper provision, this and 
the following section gives to the state commissioner of education power to com- 
pel them to do so. 



Revised School Code 91 

with his ruling, may direct that a part, not to exceed ten per 
cent of the state school moneys to which such district may 
be otherwise entitled shall be withheld, pending comphance. 
If, after one year, no satisfactory effort has been made to 
comply with the ruhng, the commissioner of education may 
declare the withheld moneys forfeited, and direct the transfer 
of the same to the principal of the permanent state school- 
fund. 

Sec. 77. Admission to the state university. — Admission 
to some one of the schools or colleges of the University of 
Osceola shall always be open to the graduates of any approved 
secondary-school course of instruction covering four years 
beyond the elementary school ; who meet reasonable require- 
ments in the use of the English language ; and who are recom- 
mended by the principal of the school as of good moral char- 
acter, seriousness of purpose, and, in the judgment of the 
principal, fitted to enter the university as students. 



CHAPTER V. VOCATIONAL AND SUPPLEMENTAL 

EDUCATION 

Article 15. Vocational Education 

Sec. 78. Work provided for. — Any city or county school- 
district may provide for both day and evening instruction 
and training, or both, in industrial work, household-economics, 
or agricultural pursuits, as a part of the regular instruc- 
tion in any or all of its schools, and such work must be in- 
cluded in all schools specified in Sees. 68 and 70 of this Code. 

Sec. 79. Definitions of work. — Industrial education shall 
include drawing and design of any character, the usual con- 
structive work, sloyd, manual training, applied art, and any 
form of shop or laboratory work which has for its object in- 
dustrial advancement. Household-economics shall include 
sewing, cooking, laundering, domestic art, domestic science, 
housekeeping, sanitation, nursing, and similar courses having 
for their object the betterment of living conditions in the 
home. Agriculture shall include agriculture, horticulture, 
gardening, dairying, stock-raising, farm-architecture, applied 
science, and allied subjects having for their object greater 
efficiency in farming.^ 

Sec. 80. Nature of instruction. — In the first six grades 
the instruction shall be general in its character, and may be 
given by the regular teachers. Beginning with the seventh 
grade, and extending through the secondary school, the in- 
struction may become vocational in character, and the student 

^ This provides for quite a range of instruction. It is not expected that any 
but the largest schools will offer all of the different forms of instruction here 
enumerated. 

92 



Revised School Code 93 

be encouraged to specialize on the vocation of his choice. In 
the industrial work the instruction shall be of such a character 
as to meet the needs of the pupil who is engaged in practical 
phases of industrial work. 

Sec. 81. County schools of agriculture. — The board of 
education for any county school-district may establish, in 
connection with the schools of any first-class subdistrict, a 
county school of agriculture, household-economics, and in- 
dustrial work, of secondary-school grade,^ which shall be open 
to all properly quahfied pupils in the county school-district, 
and to pupils coming from city school-districts within the 
county, or from other counties, if there be room for such, on 
the payment to the county school authorities, by the school- 
district from which the pupils come, of a tuition charge not to 
exceed the actual cost of the instruction in such school, from 
which must be deducted the per capita-on-attendance value 
of all state and county school-tax and state school-fund in- 
come, received and apportioned for the use of such county 
schools of agriculture, if the pupils come from within the 
county ; if the pupils come from without the county, and from 
a county school-district not contributing to the maintenance of 
such school, then only the per capita value of the state money 
received shall be deducted from the tuition cost.^ Two or more 
counties may unite in the maintenance of such a county 
school of agriculture, household-economics, and industrial 
work, but the management and direction of the school shall 
rest with the county board of education for the county in 
which the school building is located. 

^ These are intended to be distinctively country secondary schools, the 
aims of which are to prepare boys and girls for country life, and to serve as exten- 
sion-centers for the new rural-life movement. 

2 These provide for tuition rates based on actual cost, after deducting all 
grants derived from taxation of the district from which the pupil comes, and 
the charge for the remainder to be levied on the district, instead of on the 
pupil. 



94 Educational Reorganizatioit 

Sec. 82. Courses of instruction in. — In each county 
school of agriculture shall be given : (i) instruction in such 
branches of agricultural work as are best adapted to the agri- 
cultural needs of the county; (2) household-economics, of 
a type adapted to rural and village home needs; (3) such 
forms of manual and shop work and applied art as are best 
adapted to the needs of the pupils ; and (4) such other sub- 
jects, of an academic or cultural character, not including 
ancient languages, as it may be deemed desirable to include. 
Such courses shall not be less than two years in length, and 
two-year and four-year courses may be given in the same 
school. Each school may also give short winter courses 
for pupils of any age,^ and shall also develop some form of 
extension service among the teachers and people of the entire 
county, cooperating in this work with the county agricultural 
advisers ^ provided for in part by the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, or the agricultural-extension workers 
supplied by the University of Osceola. 

Any such county school of agriculture, not located in a 
county maintaining a state normal school, may add, as a part 
of a four-year secondary-school course, a county teachers'- 
training-course for the preparation of teachers for the rural 
schools of the county, as provided for in Chap. XII of this 
Code.^ All such schools must be in session at least eight 
months of each year. 

Sec. 83. City industrial and trade schools. — The board of 
education for any city school-district may establish, as a part 
of the public schools of the city, a city industrial or trade 
school, which shall be open to all properly qualified pupils 

1 This is intended to provide for two-, four-, or six-weeks' winter courses, 
for farmers and their wives. 

2 These schools should cooperate with the county agricultural experts now 
being provided, and should become centers for the improvement of all phases 
of rural and village community-life, home-life, farming, marketing, etc. 

2 It is in such schools that the best kind of training for rural teaching can be given. 



Revised School Code 95 

within the city school-district. Pupils from other school- 
districts shall also be admitted, on application, and on the 
same conditions as provided for the admission of pupils to 
county schools of agriculture, by Sec. 81, above. 

Sec. 84. Courses of instruction in. — In each city in- 
dustrial or trade school shall be given : (i) such branches 
of industrial work and such trades, including appKed art, 
as seem best to meet the needs of the community ; (2) such 
branches of household economics as there may be a demand 
for, adapting such as closely as possible to city needs; (3) 
such other subjects, as may seem necessary or desirable for 
such a school. Such instruction shall include regular day 
classes, with at least two-year courses, and may also include 
evening classes and neighborhood extension-work. 

Sec. 85. Approval and certification. — All such schools 
shall be subject to approval, for state money grants, by repre- 
sentatives of the state department of education, but such 
approval shall relate to the length of the course and school 
year, certification of the teachers, equipment for the work, 
support of the school, and the inclusion of the proper sub- 
jects of instruction ; and shall not tend to prevent any school 
from adapting the instruction given to the needs of its com- 
munity in any way it may see fit to do.^ All teachers in such 
schools must hold either a secondary-school certificate or a 
regular vocational-education certificate, as may be required 
by the nature of the work. 

Article 16. Supplemental Education 

Sec. 86. County libraries. — Each county free-Hbrary in 
existence, at the time of the taking effect of this Revised School 

1 The object here is to standardize only essential features, and to leave to 
each school as large liberty in the instruction given as is possible. Each school 
should show individuality, and minister to the peculiar needs of the community 
in which it is located, without being hampered by state control. 



96 Educational Reorganization 

Code, shall at that time pass from the management and con- 
trol of the board of county supervisors to that of the county 
board of education for the county/ and, in each county not 
having a county free-library, the county board of education 
for such county shall, within two years after this Code takes 
effect, provide for the creation and maintenance of a county 
free-library for such county. 

Sec. 87. County librarians. — Each county board of edu- 
cation, acting on the recommendation of the county super- 
intendent of education, shall appoint a county librarian and 
such assistant county librarians as may be needed, and fix 
their compensation. County librarians shall be appointed 
for four-year terms, and assistant librarians for one-year 
terms, though either may be removed, at any time, for the 
same causes and according to the same procedure as provided 
for the removal of teachers by Art. 34 of this Code. All 
assistant Kbrarians shall be under the direction of the county 
librarian. After July first, 191 7, all county librarians, and 
after July first, 19 18, all assistant county librarians in charge 
of regular branch county libraries, shall hold a librarian's 
certificate, as required by Sec. 193 of this Code. 

Sec. 88. Central and branch libraries. — The central 
county free-library shall be located at the county seat of the 
county, and branch county free-libraries shall be located 
in as many places in the county as the county board of edu- 
cation may determine. With the establishment of central 
consolidated schools and the erection of community-center 
consolidated school buildings, in the first-class attendance- 
subdistricts, provision for a branch county free-library shall 

* Under the optional-development plan of the past, with the county boards 
of supervisors in control, no great progress has been made, either in developing 
county libraries or in enlarging their usefulness, while some boards of super- 
visors have opposed their development, largely to keep down taxes. This sec- 
tion makes all county free-libraries a part of the educational system, and pro- 
vides for their proper development, use, and expansion. 



Revised School Code 97 

be made in each such school.^ Books belonging to the county 
Hbrary shall be catalogued, and copies of the cards shall be 
kept in all of the branches in charge of a certificated assistant 
hbrarian, and any book belonging to the county hbrary may 
be borrowed through any of its branches.^ Provision shall 
also be made by means of which travehng Hbraries may be 
placed in the small schools, the teachers acting as agents for 
the loaning and care of the books, and also at such other 
places, or stations, such as stores and post-offices, as may 
seem desirable and practicable, and from such schools or 
stations books from the county free- library or its branches 
may also be borrowed. 

Sec. 89. School libraries to be included. — All school 
libraries belonging to the different schools of the county school- 
district, together with all free text-books, supplemental books, 
and reference books, are to become parts of the county free- 
hbrary, and for each, until otherwise provided, the teacher 
or principal is to serve as Hbrarian. All travehng school 
libraries, belonging to the different county boards of education, 
are also to be included.^ Any special county Hbraries, such 
as a county law-library, county medical-Hbrary, county agri- 
cultural-hbrary, or county pedagogical-hbrary, may be in- 
cluded in the county free-library by vote of the governing 

1 The new consolidated schoolhouses are the proper places for such branches, 
thus tending to make the school a center for the community life. 

2 The state library is expected to do much in helping provide cards, either 
by purchase from the Library of Congress, or by printing cards for distribution 
to the Hbraries of the state. With a catalogue of all county library books in 
each branch hbrary, for consultation, borrowing from the county library will 
be easy. The same automobile or other conveyance which distributes the 
school hbraries to the schools will also distribute from and return books to the 
central county library. 

^ This will prove of advantage to all concerned. In small schools the teacher 
will become, ex-officio, an assistant librarian, though of course without extra salary. 
This, together with the branch hbraries in the consolidated schools, will put 
the teacher directly in touch with the whole county free-hbrary movement, 
which will be a good thing to do. 

H 



98 Edticational Reorganization 

board of such, and on such terms as may be agreed upon be- 
tween such board and the county board of education. After 
this Code takes effect, all library and book apportionments 
from the state and county school-taxes, together with such 
additional amounts, from the one-mill tax allowed therefor,-^ 
as each county board of education may determine, are to be 
expended, under the direction of the county superintendent 
of education and the county librarian, for such school text- 
books, supplemental school-books, reference books, pedagogi- 
cal books, special-books, and books of general literature and 
scientific information as may be needed to supply the wants 
of the schools and the free-libraries of the county. 

Sec. 90. Cities may join. — Any city free-library, or any 
city school-district school-library, may become a part of the 
county free-library, on application of the trustees of the same 
and acceptance by the county board of education, after which 
the property within such city, or city school-district, shall 
be included in any special county-tax levied for free-library 
purposes. Any city so uniting mth a county for free-library 
maintenance may later withdraw from the arrangement, on 
terms satisfactory to the governing boards of both corporations. 
Similarly, the trustees of any city free-pubhc-library may 
vote to turn the management and control of such over to the 
city school-district authorities, and unite the city and the 
city school-district libraries under one management and 
control. Residents of cities may also be permitted to borrow 
books from the county free-library, on such terms as may be 
agreed upon by the county board of education, and exchange 
relations between the county free-library and city libraries 
may be arranged for. 

Sec. 91. State librarian the head. — The state library 
and the state librarian, acting under the supervisory control 
of the state board of education, shall be the head of the county 

^ See Sec. 109. 



Revised School Code 99 

free-library system of this state. The state librarian shall 
call a conference of ail county librarians in this state, together 
with the city Hbrarians in cities where the free-Hbrary is 
under the management and control of the city board of edu- 
cation, to meet annually at the state hbrary, or at such other 
place as the state board of education shall approve, for a 
three-day meeting, to consider the problems and needs of the 
free-Kbraries of this state. All Hbrarians attending such 
meeting shall be paid their necessary traveling expenses from 
the general contingent fund of the city or county school- 
district they represent. 

Sec. 92. State library and museum to cooperate. — The 
state Hbrary shall place itself in cooperative relations with all 
free-pubHc-Hbraries in this state ; shall send out traveHng 
and special Hbraries to such; shall loan individual books to 
Hbraries for the use of any citizen in the state ; and shall as- 
sist the county libraries in all practicable ways in preparing 
catalogues of their books and organizing their work. The 
state museum shall similarly prepare and loan illustrative 
collections of lantern slides, maps, charts, scientific specimens, 
and such other museum material as may be thought desirable, 
to any city or coimty Hbrary in this state, and to the schools 
in such districts.^ 

1 This makes the state museum a phase of the educational work of the state, 
instead of a collection of curiosities, and makes it actively useful to the whole 
state, instead of to only the few who visit the state capitol. 



CHAPTER VI. HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL 

EDUCATION 

Article 17. The University or Osceola 

Sec. 93. Culmination of the state system. — The Uni- 
versity of Osceola, now situated at Chippewa Falls, is hereby 
continued, in all of its branches, as the university for this 
state, and as provided in the organic act creating the same ; ^ 
and the University of Osceola shall form the culmination of 
the public school system of the state. The requirements for 
admission shall be so regulated as to keep the university in 
close coordination with the public secondary schools of this 
state.^ 

Sec. 94. Government of. — The government of the uni- 
versity shall be intrusted to a board of eight regents, one to 
be appointed each year by the governor of the state, and the 
state commissioner of education, ex-officio.^ Vacancies oc- 
curring shall be filled by the governor, for the unexpired term. 
In making all appointments to the board of regents, the gov- 

^ This merely continues the university in the form guaranteed it by the con- 
stitution. The organic act, dating from 1845, gives the university regents large 
governing powers, and these powers are merely confirmed to the university by 
the new constitution and this Code. 

2 See Sec. 77. 

2 This continues the board of regents as it has been for some time, except 
that the governor and the lieutenant governor, ex-officio, are not now included. 
The experience in the past has been that they served no useful purpose on the 
board. The new state commissioner of education is added because it was felt 
that he, as the expert head of the elementary- and secondary-school system 
of the state, should be represented in the government of the state university. 
It was believed that an expert officer of this type would serve quite a different 
purpose on such a board frbro what the old type of politically-elected state 
superintendent of public instruction would. 

100 



Revised School Code loi 

ernor shall be influenced by no other considerations than 
personal fitness for the position. The board of regents in 
office at the time of the passage of this Act shall continue to 
serve for the terms for wliich they were originally appointed. 
Each member of the board of regents shall be paid all of his 
necessary travehng expenses incident to attending all meet- 
ings of the board, but no additional compensation.^ The time 
for holding regular meetings of the board, the conditions 
under which special meetings may be held, and the mmiber and 
powers of committees, shall be as provided for in the rules 
and regulations of the board. 

Sec. 95. Duties and powers of regents. — The board of 
regents for the University of Osceola shall have the following 
powers and duties : — 

(i) To select the president, professors, instructors, and 
all other officers and employees of the university ; to fix their 
terms of office and compensation; and to remove them for 
cause. To the president shall be given the supervision of the 
instruction and the discipHne vvdthin the university ; and the 
conditions for admission, graduation, and the awarding of 
degrees and diplomas shall be determined by the faculty.^ 

(2) To prescribe rules and regulations for the general gov- 
ernment of the university, and the management and care of 
its grounds, buildings, laboratories, Hbraries, collections, and 
other property. 

(3) To receive and apply gifts and bequests for the further- 
ance of the work of the university, or any phase or depart- 
ment thereof. 

(4) To have charge of the investment of the principal of 
the seminary-fund, the fund for the endowment of a college 

1 The position has been regarded, in the past, as a great honor, and it is de- 
sired to keep it so. 

2 This leaves the internal administration of the university to the president 
and the faculty. 



I02 Educational Reorganization 

of agriculture and mechanical arts, and any trust-funds for 
any educational purpose connected with the university, which 
have been or may hereafter be given for the benefit of the 
university.^ The state treasurer shall act ex-officio as treas- 
urer for the board. 

(5) To appropriate the income of all permanent funds to 
the objects for which they were given, and to order the appro- 
priation and expenditure of all fimds given by the state for 
grounds, buildings, equipment, or maintenance of the uni- 
versity.^ 

(6) To make, or cause to be made, all reports required by 
the state department of education ; and to cause to be pre- 
pared and printed an annual report of the work done by the 
different divisions and departments of the university, and 
an annual report of the president, secretary, and treasurer, 
showing the conditions, needs, and expenses of the university. 

(7) To transmit, biennially, these annual reports to the 
legislature, together with a statement of needs for either 
plant or maintenance which it is estim_ated that the state 
mill-tax appropriation will not meet.^ 

(8) To perform such other duties, not contrary to law, as 
may be necessary to discharge their trust, and to perform such 
other acts as they may be, from time to time, directed to 
perform by the general assembly. 

(9) In the name of the board of regents for the University 
of Osceola to possess corporate powers, to adopt a seal, to 

1 The investment of the university funds by the regents in the past has 
evidenced rare judgment and large financial skill, and it is desired to leave the 
control as it now is. 

2 This is perhaps the chief function of the regents. Their work is to guard 
the funds, settle large lines of policy, and appropriate funds for specific purposes. 

5 The great burden of support is to be met by the state tax-appropriation, 
provided for in Sec. 96. Special appropriations by the general assembly will 
be needed only to meet emergencies and large permanent-equipment expendi- 
tures. 



Revised School Code 103 

sue and to be sued, and to transact such business as their 
corporate existence may require. 

Sec. 96. Support. — The income from all permanent 
funds under the control of the regents shall be appropriated 
for the purposes for which they were originally given. In 
addition to the income from all permanent funds, the uni- 
versity shall receive a state university tax-appropriation, to 
be set aside by the state treasurer, each year, from the pro- 
ceeds of the state corporation-taxes, and placed to the credit 
of the board of regents for the university. The amount so 
set aside shall be the equivalent of a tax of ij mills on the 
equalized assessed valuation of the real and personal property 
in tliis state, as determined each year by the state board of 
equahzation and assessment. Of this tax-equivalent so set 
aside five-sixths must be used for purposes incident to the 
m.aintenance of instruction, and the remaining one-sixth may 
be used, either in whole or in part, for sites, buildings, or 
repairs, or for instruction. The money so designated to be 
set apart for the benefit of the university shall be known as 
the state university-tax, and shall be, subject only to the 
state school-tax provided for in Sec. loi, a prior lien on the 
corporation-tax income during each year.^ 

Sec. 97. Instruction. — Instruction in the university shall 
be free to all residents of this state, without distinction as to 
race, sex, or sects, and, so far as can be done consistent with 
the proper provision for residents of this state, residents of 

1 This tax, instituted ten years ago, now provides for the annual needs of 
the university, and so far has increased in productiveness about as fast as the 
university work has expanded, except for the need of new buildings. Since 
the abohtion of the general state property-tax, it is now necessary to set aside 
an equivalent amount from the corporation-tax income. Due to the elimina- 
tion of dehnquencies, this change will give the university a slightly larger sum. 
Education being one of the most important obligations of this state, the uni- 
versity tax-appropriation, like the state school-tax, is made a preferred claim 
on the corporation-tax income. 



I04 Educational Reorganization 

other states and countries shall be admitted on the same terms. 
The regents may, however, authorize the faculty to impose a 
general matriculation fee, or such laboratory, gymnasium, 
breakage, or other similar fees as may wholly or in part cover 
service and the cost of materials consumed in the work of 
instruction.^ 

Sec. 98. Scope of instruction. — The university shall 
include the following colleges and schools, with their necessary 
subdivisions : — 

1. The college of liberal arts. 

2. The school of fine arts. 

3. The school of history, economics, and social sciences. 

4. The school of business administration. 

5. The state teachers-college, or school of education. 

6. The school of pure science. 

7. The college of engineering. 

8. The college of agriculture. 

9. The school of household arts. 

10. The school of Hbrary science. 

11. The school of law. 

12. The school of medicine. 

13. The school of veterinary medicine. 

14. The school of pharmacy. 

15. The graduate school. 

16. The summer session. 

17. The university-extension division. 

Additional schools ^ may be created by the regents, on 
recommendation of the president, as the needs of the univer- 
sity may require and the funds of the university may permit. 

1 These are mere service charges, are all small in amount, and it has been 
felt to be wise to retain them. The amounts produced are of less importance 
than the moral effect on the students paying them. The large number of small 
scholarships in existence cover most cases of special need and merit. 

2 All of the above are now well-organized parts of the university, and their 
enumeration merely shows the present scope of the instruction offered, and does 



Revised School Code 105 

Sec. 99. State University the standard. — The University 
of Oseeola shall serve as the standard for the accrediting by 
the state board of education of universities and colleges ^ 
in this state, in other states, and in other countries, as provided 
for in Sec. 7, subdiv. 4 of this Code. While institutions else- 
where need not be so extensive, the standards maintained in 
the work which they do must be approximately equal to those 
maintained in this state if degrees from such are to be accepted 
as meeting the academic or professional requirements for 
certificates to teach and to practice the learned professions 
in this state.^ 

not preclude the development of new divisions by the regents, as future needs 
may seem to require. 

1 The standards for entering the learned professions, and the examinations 
for the same, are not considered in this School Code, as they are provided for 
elsewhere in the laws of this state. 

2 It is the intention here that, while interstate recognition of training shall 
be a prominent feature of the work of Osceola, the standards for admission to 
the professions in this state shaU not be lower to those coming from other states 
than for the residents of this state. 



TITLE III. SUPPORT OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM 

CHAPTER VII. FUNDS AND TAXATION 

Article i8. State Aid 

Sec. 100. The state school-fund. — The school-fund of this 
state shall be as defined in Sec. 7 of the constitution of Osceola, 
and its management, investment, and use shall be as there 
defined. The net income from such fund shall constitute a 
reserve fund,^ to be apportioned by the state department of 
education, as provided for in Sec. 116 of this School Code. 

Sec. loi. State school-tax. — The state board of educa- 
tion shall, each year, at its annual meeting in August, by formal 
resolution, notify the state controller of the number of pupils 
who have been in average daily attendance in the public 
schools of the state during the preceding school year, and, 
on the receipt of such resolution, the state controller shall 
direct the state treasurer to set aside, from the corporation 
taxes then or thereafter paid into the state treasury,^ an 
amount which shall be equal to $20 for each pupil in average 
daily attendance during the preceding year,^ as reported to 

1 This fund, somewhat less than $3,000,000 in all, is not large enough to be 
of any real value except as a special-aid reserve-fund. The former distribution 
of income on census, which averaged $1.89 per census child to all districts, was 
of little real value in aiding education in this state, as most of the money went 
to the districts and counties needing it least, and left the inequalities existing 
after its distribution greater than before. 

2 The term state school-tax is retained, because of its long use in this state, 
though the recent change from a direct state-tax to an indirect corporation- 
income-basis for state taxation makes this change in method necessary. 

3 This gives a very definite tax, and one directly proportional to the growth 
of the schools. It is as great an improvement over the old mill-tax as that was 
over the former legislative appropriation. 

106 



Revised School Code 107 

the state department of education by the different county 
boards of education. This total amount shall be a prior Ken 
on the income from the corporation-taxes, and shall come 
ahead of any appropriations made from such income by the 
general assembly.-^ This amount, when so set aside, shall 
be known as the state school-tax, and, together with the net 
income from the state school-fund, shall be placed to the 
credit of the state department of education, for apportionment 
by it to the school corporations of this state, as provided for 
by Chap. VIII of this Code. 

Sec. 102. State board expenses. — The state school-tax 
provided for in Sec. loi, together with the income from the 
permanent state school-fund, shall be apportioned to the 
different school corporations of the state, as provided for in 
Chap. VIII of this School Code, to be used by them in 
the maintenance of schools. The expenses of maintaining the 
state department of education, the state normal schools, the 
state Hbrary, and the state museum shall be included in 
the biennial budget provided for in Sec. 7, subdiv. 13 of this 
Code, and the same shall be covered by legislative appro- 
priations. 

Sec. 103. Average daily attendance defined. — Acting 
on the recommendation of the commissioner of education, 
the state board of education shall adopt and publish uniform 
rules and regulations, under which the different school cor- 
porations of this state shall calculate and report their average 
daily attendance for all classes of schools.^ 

Sec. 104. Local school-funds. — Any local permanent 

1 This was deemed to be a necessary safeguard, to insure enough money being 
left to pay the state school-tax. 

2 This is to insure uniform reckoning throughout the state. The state board 
is given this authority, instead of it being defined in the law, so as to permit 
changes to be made as changing needs may seem to require, without the need 
of legislative enactment. So long as the rules are uniform for all the basis may 
be changed without injury. 



io8 Educational Reorganization 

funds for educational purposes, existing at the time of the 
adoption of this Code, shall continue under the terms and 
conditions of their original grant, and county and city school- 
district boards are authorized to accept and manage any funds 
which may, in the future, be given to either type of school- 
district for the furtherance of any educational purpose within 
the provisions of this Code, or in harmony with the spirit of 
the constitution and school laws of this state. ^ 

Article 19. County Taxation 

Sec. 105. County school-tax. — Each county board of 
education, at its regular meeting in August of each year, shall, 
by resolution, notify the board of county supervisors for the 
county of the total number of pupils in average daily attend- 
ance in all schools of the county during the preceding school 
year, calculated according to the rules and regulations pub- 
lished by the state board of education. On receipt of such 
resolution, the board of county supervisors shall, at the time 
for levying the county taxes, levy an amount which shall 
equal $20 for each pupil in average daily attendance in all of 
the schools of the county the preceding year, as reported by 
such resolution, and calculated as follows : — 

They must first deduct fifteen per cent from the equalized 
value of the last general assessment roll of the county for 
delinquencies, and the amount required to be raised by the 
remainder of the assessment roll is the rate to be levied, but 
if any fraction of a cent occur, it must be taken as a full cent. 
This tax shall be known as the county school-tax, and the 
proceeds from it shall be apportioned to the different school- 
districts within the county, as provided for in Chap. VIII 
of this School Code. 

1 There are but few such local funds, and mostly in cities, and for special 
purposes. It is desirable to encourage any others, as some of those now in 
existence are of great value as stimulants to better work. 



Revised School Code 109 

Article 20. District Taxation 

Sec. 106. Estimating the district tax. — The governing 
board for each school-district, city or county, may vote to 
levy additional district-taxation for further maintaining the 
different educational institutions under their control during 
the ensuing year, for extending the school facilities, for the 
purchase of sites and the erection of buildings, or for any 
other purpose authorized by law and within the Kmits ^ set 
by law, and under the following conditions : — 

(i) Each board shall each year prepare, or cause to be pre- 
pared, a budget of the necessary expenses for : — 

(a) School-maintenance fund, — Maintaining the different 
playgrounds, free-libraries, schools, and other educational 
institutions in the school district for at least as many months 
as is required by law, including all ordinary operation and 
maintenance charges ; ^ maintaining the administrative and su- 
pervisory organization, and offices for the district ; ^ and the cost 
of needed extensions of the instructional work of the schools.^ 
This shall be known as the school-maintenance fund. 

ih) Building and repairs fund. — The cost of all important 
repairs to and alterations in the existing school plant; of 
new permanent equipment; and of all new sites and build- 
ings, or extensions to old sites and buildings, and not to be 
covered by bonded indebtedness. This shall be known as the 
building and repairs fund.^ 

^ See Sec. 109, further on. 

2 This should include the cost of instruction, including teachers' salaries, 
books, and supplies ; and operation and maintenance charges, such as fuel, 
insurance, freight and drayage, light and power, water and telephone, janitor 
service, and the general upkeep of buildings and grounds. 

^ The cost for supervision, administration, office expenses, census, elections, 
and attorney fees properly belong here. 

^ This should mean new instructional work, — not buildings. 

^ This should include new buildings and additions to old buildings, sites, new 
equipment, and new furniture. The United States bureau of education stand- 
ard forms are to be followed. (See Sec. 7, subdiv. 2.) 



no Educational Reorganization 

(2) As careful estimates as can be made shall then be made 
of the probable income for the year from the state school 
fund and tax, and from the county school-tax, as well as 
from any district educational funds which may exist, or 
from the sale of property belonging to the district. 

The state board of education shall define, by general rule, 
the items which shall be included in estimating each of these 
funds. 

(3) The estimated income from the different funds and 
taxes shall then be deducted from the estimated maintenance- 
fund needed, and the remainder, together with any amounts 
needed for the building and repairs fund, shall be the amount 
to be certified for levy. 

Sec. 107. Subdistrict taxes. — Any first-class attendance- 
subdistrict may, as provided for in Sec. 45, subdiv. 2 of this 
Code, vote to have levied a subdistrict tax, for the extension 
of the material equipment or the educational facilities within 
the subdistrict.^ 

Sec. 108. Certifying district taxes for levy. — Subdistrict 
taxes, if any are levied, must be voted by the subdistricts at 
the June school elections, and the certificate of the results of 
such election shall include a certificate of the tax voted for 
levy. All city school-districts must, by resolution, certify 
to the proper county board of education, as provided for in 
Sec. 45, subdiv. 8 of this Code, and not later than August 
first of each year, the additional district taxes needed properly 
to maintain their schools. Each county board of education 
shall, at its regular meeting in August, certify to the county 
board of supervisors the amounts of all subdistrict and dis- 

1 It will not be often that subdistrict taxes will be voted, as the state, county, 
and district school-moneys should be sufficient to properly maintain the schools, 
but it was thought advisable to permit attendance-subdistricts to levy taxes for 
additional educational facilities, beyond what could otherwise be provided, if 
the people by vote should decide that they wanted to do so. 



Revised School Code iii 

trict school-taxes certified to it as ha\dng been voted, together 
with any additional county-district school-taxes deemed nec- 
essary by it.^ 

Sec. 109. Levy, and tax limits. — All taxes so certified to 
the county board of supervisors shall be levied on the prop- 
erty contained within the school district or attendance-sub- 
district voting to levy the same, and, when collected, shall be 
paid into the county treasury and placed to the credit of the 
school-district or attendance-subdistrict on which the tax was 
levied,^ to be paid out by said treasurer as provided in Sec. 
117 of this Code. All such district or attendance-subdistrict 
taxes shall be levied by the county board of supervisors, at 
the time of levying the county taxes, and according to the 
same methods outlined in Sec. 105 for the levy of the county 
school-tax ; provided , however^ that attendance-subdistrict taxes 
for any or all purposes shall not exceed 2\ mills for any sub- 
district in any one year ; and that district taxes levied by any 
city or county school-district shall not exceed 4 mills for the 
maintenance fund, 3 of which shall be for schools and exten- 
sion-work, and I for books and free-libraries, or 4 mills for 
the buildings and repairs fund, not including the county 
school-tax, and except as provided for in Sec. 129 of this 
Code for building purposes. 

1 The act of levying all taxes rests naturally with the county board of super- 
visors, but the determination of the amounts needed, within the limits set by 
Sec. 109, rests with the different governing school boards only, and it is intended 
that over this the board of supervisors shall have no control. This naturally 
deprives them of the chance to play politics by cutting the school-tax. Even 
the county board of education cannot change the amounts levied by attend- 
ance-subdistricts or city school-districts, if within legal limits, its function 
being merely a recording and coordinating one. 

2 That is, district and attendance-subdistrict taxes shall belong to the dis- 
tricts or attendance-subdistricts paying them, and may be expended on their 
order. The county school-tax, on the contrary, is levied equally on all prop- 
erty in the county, and is apportioned according to a definite plan to the 
different districts, and in proportion to the educational effort made by each. 



112 Educational Reorganization 

Sec. no. Fiscal year. —The fiscal year for all school- 
districts in this state shall begin on the first day of July and 
end on the thirtieth day of June of each year, and all at- 
tendance-subdistrict, district, county, and state school-returns 
shall be made on this basis. 



CHAPTER VIII. APPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS 

Article 21. Basis of Grants 

Sec. III. State school-fund income. — The annual income 
from the permanent state school-fund shall be held by the 
state board of education as a state reserve-fund, to be used 
to equalize, as far as may be, the educational advantages 
throughout the different counties of this state. ^ This reserve- 
fund shall be apportioned to the different counties of the 
state in the manner provided in Sec. 116 of this article. 

Sec. 112. Apportionment of the state school-tax. — Im- 
mediately after the first day of December and May of each 
year, the state treasurer shall notify the state commissioner 
of education, in writing, of the amount of money on hand on 
that date, and set aside to the credit of the state school-tax. 
On receipt of such information he shall at once instruct the 
business division of the state department to apportion an 
amount to the different counties of this state equal to the 
largest even number of dollars per pupil in average daily 
attendance the preceding year which such sum represents, 
reserving any amount represented by fractions of a dollar 
for apportionment in May.^ The apportionment shall be 

1 That is, the fund is now to be used to aid those most who have the least, 
and are in the greatest need of extra aid. 

2 This is merely for convenience in estimating the May apportionment. A 
sum equal to $20 is required to be set aside. As it is not a tax to be collected, 
but an apportionment from revenue paid in, there can of course be no delin- 
quencies. If, then, in November, the amount in equals $14.6247 per pupil in 
average daily attendance, the apportionment will be for $14 even, which of 
course means that the May apportionment will be for $6. In other words, the 
December apportionment would be seventy per cent of the whole amount to 
be received. 

I 113 



114 Educational Reorganization 

made in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 113 of this 
article. When the apportionment has been approved by the 
commissioner of education, a copy of the same shall be for- 
warded to the state treasurer, who shall at once draw his 
warrant in favor of the different county treasurers for the 
amounts so apportioned to their counties. A detailed ap- 
portionment sheet for each county shall be forwarded to the 
county superintendent of education for the county.-^ With 
the apportionment made in December, a statement shall 
also be made to each county superintendent of education 
and to each county treasurer, stating what proportion of the 
whole amount of $20 per pupil in average daily attendance 
the preceding year the December apportionment represents.^ 

Sec. 113. Basis of apportionments. — The state school- 
tax shall be apportioned to the different counties in this state, 
and according to the following method : — 

I. Teacher grants. — To be paid on the basis of actual 
employment, as certified to the state department of education 
by each county board of education, though any county failing 
to provide for the educational reorganization required by 
Art. 6 shall be subject to the penalties of Sec. 31 of this Code. 
What constitutes full-time and half-time teachers shall be 
determined, by general rule, by the state board of education.^ 

1 The treasurers are interested only in totals, while each county superin- 
tendent needs to know the details of the apportionment made, as he is required 
to duplicate all state grants made in apportioning the county school-fund. 

2 So that future apportionments and per capita on attendance grants may be 
calculated, and also so that the county treasurer may anticipate income, if 
necessary, as provided for by Sec. 119. 

2 The purpose kept continually in mind in arranging these specific grants 
was that of stimulating communities to additional educational effort, by offering 
a series of premiums for new and additional undertakings. If it is argued that 
the cities only have special branches and courses of instruction, and hence will 
be aided under the plan beyond their proportion, the answer is that town and 
country children deserve equally good educational advantages and that, under 
the new county reorganization plan outlined, and with the county-unit for 
school administration and definite premiums placed on new efforts, there is no 



Revised School Code 115 

(i) For each county or city superintendent of education 
employed within the county, one-third of the salary paid such, 
up to a maximum state grant -^ of . . . . $1200. 

(2) For each county or city school-health-officer, devoting 
full time to the work of health supervision in the schools, and 
each full-time county or city attendance-officer, one-third of 
the salary paid, up to a maximum state grant of . $1200. 

(3) For each assistant-superintendent in either city or 
county, and each supervising-principal who has his full time 
free for the supervision of instruction, one-third of the salary 
paid such up to a maximum state grant of . . $600. 

(4) For each full-time supervisor of a special subject of 
instruction, whose work is primarily to teach and guide 
teachers; each supervisor of playgrounds; and each super- 
intendent of school attendance .... $400. 

(5) For each full-time school-nurse employed . $300. 

(6) For each full-time teacher employed in elementary- 
schools, including kindergarten teachers, teachers of special 
subjects or classes, or teachers in special types of schools, 
and school-playground directors $250. 

(7) For each full-time teacher employed in regularly or- 
ganized intermediate schools, or vocational schools of inter- 
mediate grade $275. 

reason why they should not now be provided with them also. Under the old 
census basis of apportionment no one was paid for anything except getting 
names on the census lists, and naturally only the cities had energy and money 
enough to provide the extra educational advantages now made possible for all. 
1 The purpose here, as weU as in 2 and 3 which foUow, is to stimulate coun- 
ties and districts to pay good salaries, and thus to attract the best men and 
women to their service. With a state apportionment of one-third, and a county 
apportionment of equal amount, the tendency will be to materially increase 
salaries over those now paid, which are far too low to attract men or women 
possessed of real leadership. For the work outlined under the county-unit 
system, superintendents of ability will be called for. The increased cost will be 
more than compensated for by the saving in money resulting from the abolition 
of the district system and the fees formerly paid district clerks and treasurers. 



1 1 6 Educational Reorganization 

(8) For each full-time teacher employed in a secondary 
school $300. 

(9) For each full-time evening-school teacher employed; 
each full-time teacher employed for half a year; and each 
half-time teacher employed ; — one-half of the above grants. 

(10) For each vacation-school teacher, and each vacation- 
playground assistant employed, for each week of employ- 
ment ^ $8. 

II. Extra school grants. — To be paid for the maintenance 
of each school which complies with the requirements for 
approval for such grants, as fixed by general rule by the state 
board of education.^ 

(i) For each year of secondary-school instruction, not less 
than two nor more than six in number,^ and meeting the con- 
ditions for approval for such grants, $100 extra for each 
year of instruction so maintained, in each secondary-school. 

(2) For each course, of not less than two years in length 
and meeting state conditions for approval, maintained in 
industrial work, household-economics, or agriculture, in ad- 
dition to other courses of instruction.^ 

{a) In an intermediate school . . . . $100. 

{b) In a secondary-school $125. 

1 The purpose here is to stimulate length of service, and also to permit the 
taking on of additional assistance during the busier months. 

2 These grants are in recognition of the increased cost of such schools over 
the typical elementary-school, and have also been provided in part from a 
desire to stimulate the formation of such schools and the addition of such courses 
of instruction. 

3 A consolidated school of less than three teachers is likely to be too small to 
be of any real value ; for all above six teachers it was felt that the school did not 
need additional help. This extra grant will, with county doubling of the grant, 
practically pay for the transportation provided, leaving all other funds free for 
providing a better and a richer course of instruction. 

^ This aids any t5'^pe of secondary-school, from the two-year rural secondary- 
school, in connection with a consolidated school, to a six-year city secondary- 
school, and directly in proportion to the number of years of instruction provided. 
For definitions as to what these terms include, see Sec. 79. 



Revised School Code 117 

(But one course to be approved for grants in each of the 
three groups of subjects.) 

(3) For each properly equipped county school of agricul- 
ture, industrial work, and household-economics, of secondary- 
school grade, and providing approved instruction in these sub- 
jects, and not to exceed one grant to a county for such a 
school, $500 for each year of instruction maintained, not less 
than two nor more than four in number.^ This grant is to 
be in lieu of any extra school grant, under the provisions of 
this subdivision. 

(4) For each city industrial or trade school maintained, 
and providing approved instruction preparatory for the in- 
dustries, vocations, or trades, $400 for each year of instruc- 
tion maintained, not less than two nor more than four in 
number.^ This grant is to be in Heu of any extra school grant, 
under the provisions of this subdivision. 

(5) For maintaining an approved course for the training of 
teachers for the rural schools of the county, in connection 
with a four-year secondary-school course in a county school 
of agriculture, industrial work, and household-economics, and 
given in the fourth, third and fourth, or graduate year of such 
a course, an additional grant of ^ . . . . $500. 

(6) For each approved city normal school maintained in a 
city school-district of the first class, as permitted by Sec. 49 
of this Code, a grant of $1000. 

(7) For each parental-home school maintained by a city, 

^This grant, in distinction from the preceding, places a premium on the 
newer and most costly courses of instruction. 

2 In recognition of the still greater cost for such instruction in special schools, 
this gives a still larger grant to such schools. 

^ This is the proper place to train teachers for the second grade elementary- 
teacher's certificate, and aid for such high-school teachers' courses is only given 
when such courses are in connection with a county secondary-school of agri- 
culture and domestic science. This makes a total state grant of $3000, which 
such schools may earn, as against a total of $2500 for other type secondary- 
schools. This is in recognition of their greater maintenance cost. 



ii8 Educatio7ial Reorganization 

county, or city and county school-district combined, an extra 
grant of $800. 

III. Library and hook grants. — To be paid to counties and 
cities maintaining free public-libraries, under the supervision 
of the educational department, and under conditions to be 
prescribed by the state board of education.^ 

(i) To each city maintaining a free circulating city library 
and to each county maintaining a free circulating county 
library, a grant of one-third of the cost of maintenance, up to a 
maximum state grant of $1200. 

(2) For each branch county library maintained, with a 
full-time librarian in charge $250. 

(3) For aid in the purchase of free text-books, supplemental 
books, and school-reference libraries, a grant of, for each 
class-room teacher employed : ^ — 

$20 for each elementary-school teacher, 
$25 for each intermediate-school teacher, and 
$30 for each secondary-school teacher. 
Evening-school and part-time class-room teachers to be 
counted as fractional teachers, for the time employed. 

IV. Consolidated-school grants. — For each consolidated- 
school maintained, an extra and additional grant of $150 
for each teacher employed therein, not less than three nor 
more than six in number. 

V. Attendance grants. — ^ The remainder of the state 

1 The state and county library system now becoming a part of the educational 
system, as well as the state museum, special aid is now granted for the county 
library system and the branch county libraries. As some of the city libraries 
of the state are also a branch of the school department of the city, all city li- 
braries have been included in the grant, but not branch city libraries. 

2 The grants under i and 2 above are for the maintenance and extension of 
the public library system, while the grants under this subdivision are to aid the 
schools in providing free text-books and special-reference libraries. 

' This will be the remnant of the $20 per-pupil tax, after making all of the 
above grants. Calculations made indicate that the amount will be about $3 
per pupil. 



Revised School Code 119 

school-tax, after the above specific grants have been set 
aside, and after the building subsidy directed by Sec. 133 
of this Code shall have been set aside, shall be apportioned 
to the different counties in this state in proportion to the 
number of pupils who have been in average daily attend- 
ance in the pubHc schools of each during the preceding 
year. 

In making the December apportionment to the different 
counties, all of the above grants shall be made in approxi- 
mately such proportion to the whole grant as the sum then 
to be apportioned shall bear to the whole sum to be received 
and apportioned, the full amount of all grants being completed 
in the May apportionment.-^ 

Sec. 114. Division of the state apportionment. — On re- 
ceipt of each state apportionment by the county treasurer he 
shall at once notify the county superintendent of education, who 
shall immediately direct the division of each between the dif- 
ferent city school-districts of the county and the county school- 
district, as follows : — 

(i) All teacher grants shall be apportioned to the school 
district in which the teacher, on whom the grant was made, 
was employed. 

(2) All extra school, library, book, and consolidated-school 
grants shall be apportioned to the school-district maintaining 
the school, library, or consolidated school, or employing the 
teachers on whom the book grants were made, and, in the 
case of a school or Kbrary maintained by two or more school- 
districts, the grant shall be divided in proportion to the rela- 
tive support given it by each. 

(3) All attendance grants shall be divided among the city 
and county school-districts in proportion to the number of 

1 The object of this is to provide some state and some county attendance 
money, which can be used for other purposes than can the grants made under 
the provisions of I and II. (See Sec. ii8.) 



I20 Educational Reorganization 

pupils accredited as having been in average daily attendance 
in the public schools in each.^ 

Sec. 115. Apportionment of the county school-tax. — 
The proceeds of the county school-tax shall be apportioned 
among the different city school-districts of the county and 
the county school-district, according to the same method 
provided for the apportionment of the state school-tax to the 
different counties, by Sec. 114 of this Code. 

Sec. 116. Apportionment of state school-fund income. — 
The income from the permanent state school fund, desig- 
nated by Sec. in as a state reserve-fund, shall be apportioned 
each year in May, and according to the following plan : — 

(i) The fund shall be used, first, to increase the residue of 
the county school-tax, left for apportionment on the basis of 
average daily attendance (V), in those counties where the 
residue of the county school-tax equals a smaller per capita 
sum than that received from the similar residue of the state 
school-tax, and in such a manner as to level up, as far as can 
be done, all such county attendance-grants, beginning with 
the lowest, to the level of the per capita attendance-grant 
made to each county by the state ; ^ provided, however, that 
if any county shall fail or refuse to provide for the county 
educational reorganization, as directed by Art. 6 of this 
Code, it shall be subject to the penalties provided for by Sec. 
31 of this Code.^ 

1 This form of division divides the grants between the cities and counties 
as earned. The specific grants are not for the salaries of specific teachers, but go 
into the general maintenance-fund, subject to the provisions of Sec. 118. 

2 Under the new plan of county educational reorganization, provided for in 
Art. 6, this will work out well. All counties will not be able to reorganize as 
economically as others, and some counties will also employ relatively more 
teachers (that is, will do more for their children) than will others. In either 
case the amount left for the average-daily-attendance grants will be less, and 
the state now proposes to level up such counties as a return for the greater edu- 
cational efforts made by them. 

^ Such counties do not deserve any additional aid. 



Revised School Code 121 

(2) After all counties have had their county per capita 
average-daily-attendance grants made equal to the state 
per capita average-daily-attendance grants, any remaining 
state school-fund-income may be used by the state board of 
education to further increase the average-daily-attendance 
grants of such individual county or city school-districts as 
may, in the judgment of the state board of education, be 
temporarily or permanently in need of extra assistance from 
the funds of the state.^ 

Sec. 117. County treasurer treasurer for all school-dis- 
tricts, — Each district shall be notified at once of the amounts 
so apportioned to it, and the secretary ^ of the county board 
of education and the county treasurer shall each place all 
such sums to the credit of the district to which they belong, 
but all such sums, as well as all district and subdistrict taxes 
levied and collected, shall remain with the county treasurer, 
to be paid out by him on a proper warrant, drawn by the 
proper district school authorities, and approved for pajnnent 
by the secretary of the county board of education. 

Sec. 118. Use of funds. — All school moneys received from 
state sources, as well as all moneys received from the proceeds 
of the county school-tax, must be apportioned to the school- 
maintenance fund, and must be used only for the purposes 
specified in Sec. 106, subdiv. i, a. An amount equivalent to 
the state and county teacher-grants (I), the state and county 
school-grants (II), and the state attendance-grants (V) 
combined, must be used only for the salaries of teachers and 
school officers, until after the minimum term of school al- 
lowed by law has been maintained by the district in all of its 

1 Fire, flood, or pestilence are temporary conditions which may necessitate 
temporary extra aid, while lower valuations, due to the absence of real wealth, 
as in some of the southern counties of this state, may be permanent conditions 
necessitating extra aid. 

2 The secretary must also know, as he keeps a set of books for each district, 
and approves all warrants for payment. 



122 Educational Reorganization 

schools ; the library grants, as well as any district tax levied 
for Hbrary purposes, must be used for the purposes for which 
they were granted or levied; while the county attendance- 
grants may be used for any expense coming under the head of 
operation and maintenance. After the minimum term re- 
quired by law has been maintained, any balance in the school 
maintenance-fund, equal to not over twenty-five per cent of 
the income from the county school-tax, may be transferred 
to the building-fund, if so desired, and may then be used for 
any purpose enumerated in Sec. io6, subdiv. i, h} 

District and attendance-subdistrict taxes levied for the 
further support of schools shall be apportioned to the fund 
for which such taxes were levied, but the proceeds of sub- 
district taxes may be transferred from one fund to the other 
by vote of the board of directors for the subdistrict concerned, 
if the county board of education consents.^ 

Sec. 119. County treasurer may anticipate revenue. — 
Whenever in any school year, prior to the receipt of the state 
and county school-moneys, any school district in a county 
shall not have sufficient money to its credit to pay the lawful 
demands against it, the county superintendent of education 
shall give to the county treasurer, in writing, an estimate of 
the amount of state and county school-money which will 
be apportioned to each fund for such district during the year. 
Upon the receipt of such estimate, it shall be the duty of the 
county treasurer to transfer, from any fund not immediately 
needed to pay claims against it, and to the proper fund, an 
amount not to exceed ninety per cent of the amount estimated 
by the county superintendent, and immediately notify the 

1 The purpose of this is to prevent any district, county or city, from cutting 
down unduly the expenses for salaries and maintenance to accumulate money 
for the building-fund, which ought to be provided for as a separate item. 

2 These being strictly local and extra funds, this provision was felt to be 
both wise and safe. 



Revised School Code 123 

county superintendent of such transfer. The funds so trans- 
ferred to the school-fund shall be retransferred by the county 
treasurer to the fund from which they were taken, from the 
first money paid into the school-fund after the transfer,^ 

Sec. 120. Basis of state apportionment. — All apportion- 
ments from the income from the state school-fund or the 
proceeds of the state school-tax shall be made to the different 
school districts, county and city, on the basis of their having 
made the returns as to their schools required by law, having 
enforced the educational laws and the rules and regulations 
of the state board of education, made in harmony with law, 
and having maintained their schools as required by the school 
laws of this state. Should any school district, county or 
city, fail to do these things, the commissioner of education 
may suspend, or order suspended, the apportionment of state 
funds to which such district may be or may have been other- 
wise entitled, and must then order a hearing. If convinced 
that the district has been negligent or wilfully disobedient, 
or that their failure to properly maintain the school or schools 
was not due to conditions over which they had no control, 
such as fire, flood, or pestilence, he shall impose a fine of not 
less than five per cent of the state apportionment made to 
such district during the year in question, and may, if condi- 
tions warrant, withhold the apportionment entirely. If the 
funds have been wrongfully used, he shall order their resti- 
tution, and shall withhold a sufficient amount of the state 
apportionment to which the district might otherwise be en- 
titled for the succeeding year to cover such restitution, and, 
in case the restitution is not made within one year, he shall 

^ This provision is a very desirable one, and will save money. In the past 
teachers have been compelled to discount their salaries, because there were 
often no funds available for months, and many of our cities have been paying 
their teachers the cost of the discount, as an extra. At the same time the dif- 
ferent county treasurers have had on hand tens of thousands of dollars in cash, 
for which there would be no call for months. 



124 Educational Reorganization 

declare the withheld portion forfeited. All fines and forfeited 
apportionments incurred under the provisions of this section 
shall be transferred to the custody of the state board of edu- 
cation, and shall be added, by them, to the principal of the 
permanent state school-fund.-^ 

1 In the past there have been no fines, and forfeitures have merely reverted 
to the general fund for reapportionment the succeeding year. It seemed to the 
commission that these items, which come from no one but the offending district, 
should go to increase the principal of the permanent school-fund of the state, 
and should draw interest forever for the reserve fund. 



TITLE IV. ENVIRONMENT AND EQUIPMENT 

CHAPTER IX. SCHOOL BUILDINGS 

Article 22. Provision of Schools Required 

Sec. 121. Suitable accommodations required. — Each school 
district in the state must provide suitable school facilities and 
accommodations for all children of school age, as defined in 
Sec. 63, residing within the district and desiring to attend the 
public schools therein. Such facihties and accommodations 
shall include proper school buildings, together with suitable 
furniture and equipment, and located so as to be reasonably 
convenient of access ; a sufficient number of properly quah- 
fied teachers ; and courses of study suited to the ages, attain- 
ments, and needs of all pupils between the ages of six and 
eighteen.^ 

Sec. 122. Penalty for failure to provide such. — If any 
school district shall fail to comply with the provisions of Sec. 
121, any five citizens, for whose children suitable and reason- 
able school facilities and accommodations have not been pro- 
vided, may file a formal complaint with the county board of 
education, and may appeal from their decision to the state 
commissioner of education, as provided for in Sec. 75. On 
receipt of such complaint the county board of education shall 

^ This means that every city and every county must provide secondary- 
school facilities for its children. It is not expected that secondary-schools will 
be maintained in aU attendance-subdistricts, even of the first class, but in 
most first-class attendance-subdistricts two-year secondary-schools will be 
maintained, and at one or more places in the county a full four-year secondary- 
school must be maintained. This does not mean that the same kind of a 
secondary-school must be provided for negroes as for whites, as the instruction 
may be made to meet the needs of each race, and hence may be different. 

I2S 



126 Educational Reorganization 

grant a hearing, or order an investigation, and, in case their 
decision is appealed from to the state commissioner of education 
and he sustains the complaint, after giving due consideration 
to all modifying conditions which may limit the necessity or 
the power of the school district to make such provision, he 
may direct the school district concerned to make suitable 
and reasonable provisions ^ and may make such orders and 
impose such penalties, to secure compliance, as are provided 
for in Sec. 76. 

Sec. 123. Use of school buildings. — The board of educa- 
tion for any school-district, or the director or board of directors 
for any attendance-subdistrict, acting under general regula- 
tions to be framed by county boards of education, may per- 
mit the use of any school building, at times when the same 
is not in use for school purposes, for any purpose of an educa- 
tional nature, or for public meetings, provided such use does 
not involve the removal of permanent furniture, and pro- 
vided proper guarantees are given as to the care of the school 
property.^ The use of school buildings as community centers 
is to be encouraged by boards having control of school 
property. 

Article 23. Plans for School Buildings 

Sec. 124. State may provide plans. — Any school-dis- 
trict may, after the organization of the division of school- 
house construction and sanitation, under the state depart- 
ment of education, obtain from such department, as a loan 
and free of charge, detailed plans and specifications for the 

^ This gives the state commissioner large discretion as to what are suitable 
and reasonable provisions. Such would obviously be very different for ele- 
mentary from that required for secondary- school instruction. 

^ This opens the way for making the schools neighborhood centers, and Sec. 
132, further on, provides for state aid only for such new buildings as are 
properly arranged for such use. 



Revised School Code 127 

erection of school buildings or Kbrary buildings of a size and 
kind suited to the needs of the district.^ 

Sec. 125. Approval of plans. — One set of all plans and 
specifications for the erection of new school buildings, except 
in cities of the first class employing a school architect, shall 
be submitted to the state department of education for ap- 
proval, before contracts for the same may be legally signed. 
All plans and specifications submitted under this provision 
shall be examined by the state department of education, as 
promptly as possible, to ascertain if the building will be struc- 
turally sound, and if in the details of size of classrooms, fight- 
ing and heating arrangements, ventilation, swing of doors, 
hallways, staircases, cloakroom and toilet facifities, and 
sanitary appUances, it complies with the general regulations 
for the sanitary inspection and approval of school buildings 
of such a class, as formulated and approved by the state board 
of education and the state board of health.^ If approved, 
the district shall be notified, and the set of the plans and 
specifications shall be retained by the state department ; if 
disapproved, the same shall be returned, with a statement in 
writing as to what changes should be made to make the 
same conform to state regulations. All plans for the altera- 
tion and repair of old buildings within any district must be 
approved by the city or county superintendent of education 
concerned. 

Sec. 126. Plumbing facilities ; outbuildings. — Each 
school building shall be supplied with good drinking water 
and some form of approved sanitary drinldng-appliance ; and 
all school buildings in city school-districts, except portables, 
and all new consoHdated-schools in county school-districts, 

^ Plans and specifications drawn by any one may be used, the state only 
offering plans free to those districts desiring to use them. 

2 State approval of plans is here limited to fundamental featxires, and does 
jiot include architecture or arrangement of rooms. 



128 Educational Reorganization 

must be supplied with running water, sanitary drinking- 
fountains, and separate water-closets and urinals for the two 
sexes, with proper ventilating and plumbing attachments and 
separate entrances. 

In all cases where subdistrict schools or city portables 
are not so supplied, two suitable and convenient water-closets 
or privies for each school must be provided, which shall be 
entirely separate each from the other, with separate means 
of access, and approaches thereto separated by a substantial 
close fence, not less than seven feet in height. 

Sec. 127. Sanitary surveys; condemnation of buildings. 
— It shall be the duty of the state department of education, 
acting through the division of schoolhouse construction and 
sanitation, to cooperate with county and city school-districts 
in making sanitary surveys of existing school buildings, and 
to advise communities as to the types of buildings best suited 
to their particular needs. Such sanitary surveys may also be 
made independently, by direction of the commissioner of 
education. Acting on the reports made as a result of such 
surveys, the commissioner of education may order that exist- 
ing buildings be made to conform, within a reasonable time, 
to the rules and regulations adopted by the state board of 
education relating to toilet facilities, fire protection, and sani- 
tary conditions.-^ He may also, if conditions seem to warrant 
such action, order any district to show cause why he should 
not condemn an existing structure, and, after such showing, 
may condemn such and forbid its further use for school pur- 
poses,^ if convinced that it is so unsanitary as to be unfit 
for use, and that the district can afford to provide a better 
structure. 

* The power of the state commissioner to order changes is here limited to a 
very few fundamental requirements. 

2 The power to condemn unfit buildings, while desirable, will naturally be 
used but seldom, and a hearing is to be given before the order is issued. 



Revised School Code 129 

Article 24. Erection op Buildings; Bonding 

Sec. 128. Letting of contracts. — Before any new school 
building can be contracted for the money for its erection must 
have been voted, the necessary tax levied or the sale of the 
bonds arranged for, the plans and specifications approved by 
the state department of education, and the contract must be 
let after advertising and the receipt of sealed bids, as pro- 
vided elsewhere in the laws of this state for bids on pubHc 
work. Each county or city board of education shall have 
charge of the letting of contracts and the supervision of con- 
struction for schools within their respective districts. All 
contractors shall give satisfactory bonds to the board for the 
faithful performance of their contracts. 

Sec. 129. Building by tax or by bonding. — The school 
authorities of any district may vote to levy a building tax, 
of not over four mills in any one year, for the purchase of 
school sites, the erection and repair of school buildings, or the 
purchase of furniture and equipment for buildings within the 
district ; or, if they deem best, they may vote to submit to 
the voters of the district, at the annual June school election, 
or at a special election called for the purpose, the question of 
levying a higher building-tax, up to six mills, -^ or of bonding 
the school district to procure the necessary funds for purchas- 
ing school sites or erecting new school buildings. 

Sec. 130. School-district bonds. — Any school district 
may vote to borrow money and issue negotiable coupon bonds, 
up to an amount not exceeding five per cent of the taxable 
property of the school district, as shown by the last assess- 

^ Many districts have in the past preferred a heavy tax for one year to bond- 
ing, and it is desirable that this be encouraged. After the reorganizations re- 
quired to meet the demands of the county-reorganization law (Art. 6), during 
which time building expenses will naturally be heavy, practically all county 
school-districts can provide for all except major needs from the proceeds of a 
tax, and escape further bonding. 



130 Educational Reorganization 

ment roll for county purposes made previous to the school 
election at which the matter is put to vote, for the purpose 
of refunding outstanding indebtedness, or bonds heretofore 
issued, or for the purchase of a schoolhouse site or sites, or 
building one or more schoolhouses and providing the same 
with all necessary furniture, apparatus, or equipment, or for 
any or all of these purposes; provided, that all bonds here- 
after issued for such purposes shall bear a rate of interest not 
to exceed six per cent per annum, payable semiannually, 
that the bonds shall be in denominations of not less than $100 
nor more than $1000, that they shall not run for a longer 
period than thirty years, and that the bonds must be redeemed, 
serially, beginning not more than five years from the date of 
issue, and continuing each year until all have been redeemed ; ^ 
and provided further, that no bonds can be issued except by a 
two-thirds vote of those voting on the question at such elec- 
tion, which must have been called and held in the manner 
prescribed in Art. 8 of this Code. 

Sec. 131. Sale and redemption of bonds. — All bonds 
when properly voted, must be prepared under direction of the 
school board for the district voting them, and in conformity 
with the regulations for county bonds, be signed by the proper 
school officers, and sold by the county treasurer, as provided 
by law for the preparation, advertisement, and sale of county 
bonds, and the proceeds of such sale shall be placed in the 
county treasury to the credit of the school-district issuing 
the same; and thereafter the county board of supervisors, 

1 This is to insure redemption and a gradual discharge of the indebtedness, 
and eliminates all bother as to the collection and care of sinking funds, as well 
as the danger of the diverting of the sinking fund for other purposes, while 
bonds to be retired serially can usually be sold at a slightly better price. The 
need of refunding the bonds, at maturity, will never occur under this provision. 
After the bonds are voted and sold, the tax for interest and redemption is levied 
and collected and the payments made without any action by the board of edu- 
cation. 



Revised School Code 131 

at the time of lev}dng the county taxes, shall levy a tax on all 
the property in the district voting the bonds of an amount 
sufficient to meet the interest and serial repayments on said 
bonds, and the county treasurer shall see that such payments 
are made as they become due and are presented for payment. 

Sec. 132. Acquirement, sale, and title to school property. 
— The school authorities for each school district shall hold 
the title to all school property within the district ; may pur- 
chase and sell school sites and buildings, as the needs of the 
school-district seem to indicate as wise ; and in the acquire- 
ment of school property shall have the right to acquire prop- 
erty needed for school purposes, under the laws of eminent 
domain, and as provided elsewhere in the laws of this state 
for the condemnation of property for state purposes. 

Sec. 133. State aid for consolidated buildings. — To 
assist county school-districts better to effect the educational 
reorganization required by Art. 6 of this Code, the state board 
of education may grant to any county school-district, for a 
period of five years from the first day of July, 191 5, an amount 
equal to ten per cent of the actual cost of erecting any consoK- 
dated school building in the county school-district, not in- 
cluding the cost of the site, or furniture, and not to exceed a 
state grant of over $2000 for any one building; provided 
that the same is located according to an approved plan for 
county educational reorganization, as provided for in Sec. 
30 of this Code ; and, provided further, that the same shall 
have been erected according to plans approved by the state 
department of education, conforms to the state requirements 
as to a community-center school building, and contains at 
least three schoolrooms, a laboratory, an assembly room, a 
room in which a branch county Hbrary may be installed, and 
proper sanitary appKances, and has a site of at least five acres 
of land. For this purpose, as well as for the purpose of the 
aid provided for in the following section, the state board of 



132 Educational Reorganization 

education shall first cause to be set aside, from the proceeds 
of the state school-tax provided for by Sec. loi of this Code, 
a sum of one miUion dollars a year for four years, beginning 
July I, 1 9 14. Any balances on hand at the close of any year 
are to be carried over to the following year, and any residue 
of this fund of four millions of dollars, not so used for building 
subsidies by July i , 1920, shall be then added to the prin- 
cipal of the permanent state school-fund by the state board of 
education.^ 

Sec. 134. State aid for county schools of agriculture. — 
To aid county school-districts to estabhsh and maintain 
county schools of agriculture, household-economics, and in- 
dustrial work, of secondary grade, the state board of education 
may grant to any county school-district an amount equal 
to ten per cent of the actual cost for the site and the erection 
of buildings for one such county school, up to a maximum 
grant of $4000 ; provided, the same has been built according 
to plans approved by the state department of education, has 
a suitable site of at least thirty acres of land, and is provided 
with proper equipment for the necessary instruction and 
demonstration v/hich such a school should offer.^ 

1 Ordinarily school buildings will be paid for by the districts building them, 
but in recognition of the initial cost of the county educational-reorganization 
required by Art. 6 of Chap. II, and also with the increased educational efificiency 
which will result considered, a state grant of $2,000,000 is here made, during 
a five-year period beginning a year hence, in part to assist county school-dis- 
tricts in carrying the new burden, and in part to help pay for the extra educa- 
tional faciHties required to be put into these new buildings to make of them 
community-center schools. The state board would naturally make rules and 
regulations for determining the actual cost of school buildings. It has been 
estimated that this grant will secure the erection of 1400 to 1500 community- 
center schools in the different counties in this state. 

2 The state aid granted for this type of school building is partly in recognition 
of the large initial cost for such a school, and partly to stimulate their establish- 
ment by the counties. As the site will be a large item in the cost of establishing 
such a school, the cost for this may be included here, while not included in de- 
termining the cost of the consoHdated school. 



Revised School Code 133 

Article 25. Care of Buildings 

Sec. 135. Janitors' certificates. — School-district author- 
ities shall keep the school and other buildings under their care 
and control in good sanitary condition, and have the same prop- 
erly heated and ventilated. The state department of educa- 
tion shall arrange, within two years from the date this Code 
takes effect, for the institution of semiannual examinations 
for school-janitors' certificates, and, after three years from 
the date this Code takes effect, only certified janitors shall 
be employed in any city school-district of the first class, and 
after five years the same shall apply to all city school-districts 
of the second class. 

Sec. 136. Insurance of school buildings. — Each school- 
district may insure all of the school and Hbrary property 
under its control, for such percentage of its reasonable cash 
value as the board of education for such may determine ; and, 
as soon as may be, the state department of education shall 
proceed to arrange with the different fire-insurance companies, 
conforming to the laws of this state and the local fire ordi- 
nances, whereby a blanket-form of fire-insurance poKcy may 
be issued, at reasonable rates, to the board of education for 
any school-district, to cover all school and hbrary property of 
the district, and under which each approved and accepted 
company shall share in any fire losses which may occur on 
any insured property in the district, and in proportion to the 
amount the insurance granted such company bears to the 
total amount placed on all property within the district. The 
schedule shall also be so arranged for each district that one- 
third of the policy shall expire each year, so that the insur- 
ance premiums will be distributed as a regular annual charge 
on the districts.^ 

1 A few cities have been able to arrange for this blanket-form of fire insurance, 
and at lower rates, and the purpose now is to arrange for such for all city and 
county districts. 



CHAPTER X. HEALTH AND SANITARY CONTROL 

Article 26. Health Inspections, and Purpose 

Sec. 137. Health supervision and instruction required. — 

The governing school authorities for each school-district in 
this state shall, within three years from the first day of July 
following the taking effect of this Revised School Code, make 
adequate provision for the physical examination of school 
children, and for health supervision and instruction in the 
schools. For this purpose each city and each county school- 
district in this state,^ either separately or in combination, shall 
appoint such a number of health-officers and school-nurses, 
and fix their compensation, as the needs of the district may 
seem to require.^ Whenever practicable, the examining staff 
for health supervision shall consist of both educators and 
physicians.^ 

Sec. 138. State certification required. — Each school 
health-officer shall hold a state certificate, to be issued by 
the state department of education, authorizing such person 
to act as a school health-officer in this state. The require- 
ments for such a certificate shall be : — 

1 This merely applies to the smaller cities and county school-districts what 
has already become an established practice in the larger cities of this state. 

2 This leaves the way open for any combinations found desirable. A county 
and a city school-district could combine and employ one health-officer, or a 
county could employ one for the county work alone. A large city, also, could 
employ quite a staff of health-officers and nurses. The state here merely re- 
quires each city and county to provide such supervision, within three years, 
leaving the extent of the future development to each community. 

8 This differentiation is very desirable. Neither physicians nor schoolmen 
alone will do the best work; a combination of the two will render the best 
service. 

134 



Revised School Code 135 

(i) For physicians, the possession of a state certificate to 
practice medicine and surgery in this state. 

(2) For educators, a first-grade supervisory-certificate, 
as provided for in Sec. 192 of this Code, together with the 
presentation of satisfactory evidence that the person has 
made special professional preparation for and is competent 
to conduct such work.^ 

All nurses must be graduates of a reputable training school 
for nurses, and must hold a certificate of qualification known 
as a registered nurse. 

Sec. 139. Purposes of the work. — The purposes of the 
work shall be both correctional and preventative.^ Examina- 
tions shall be made as often as the governing school board for 
the district may direct, though not less often than semi- 
annually. Parents or guardians may be present at the exami- 
nations, if they so desire. The work shall include the fol- 
lowing : — 

(i) The detection and segregation of disease in pupils, 
teachers, janitors, and other school employees.^ 

(2) An examination for defects of the eye, ear, nose, and 
throat, and such other physical defects as may appear to be 
present. A report concerning all pupils in need of medical 
or surgical attention shall be made to the teacher, or other 
designated person, and through such to the parents or guar- 
dians. 

(3) A follow-up system for all cases coming under one and 
two, by means of the school-nurse. 

(4) To secure, by physical examination and the suggestion 
of lines of treatment, the correction of those developmental 

^ This will limit the educators in the work to the very few who have had 
good experience and training for the work. 

2 Mere medical inspection is but a minor part of what is here intended ; the 
work proposed has much more important aims than that. 

^ This was the chief purpose of the old type of medical inspection, and is the 
most important work done in some communities still. 



136 Educational Reorganization 

and acquired defects, in both pupils and teachers, which in- 
terfere with health, growth, and efficiency. 

(5) To help to adjust the school activities to the health 
and growth needs, and to direct the attention of teachers and 
school-ofhcers to a study of the hygiene of growth and the 
hygiene of instruction. 

(6) To bring about a study of mental retardation, its causes, 
and means for reducing the same. 

(7) To help teachers in the work of health teaching, with 
a view to disseminating proper ideas as to the care, nurture, 
training, and proper development of the children of the 
state.^ 

(8) To make, at least quarterly, a careful examination 
of all privies, water-closets, urinals, basements, water supply, 
drinking facilities, heating arrangements, lighting, ventila- 
tion, and the general sanitary condition of buildings and 
grounds, and to report to the proper authorities all defective 
conditions found. ^ 

(9) To cooperate with the division of child-welfare and the 
division of schoolhouse construction and sanitation of the 
state department of education in the making of health and 
child-v/elfare surveys, and in the sanitary inspection of school 
buildings, and with the state board of health in the enforce- 
ment of sanitary rules and general laws relating to health. 

Sec. 140. Clinical child-psychologist. — Any school-dis- 
trict may, and all cities of the first-class must, after July 
I, 1916, employ a cKnical child-psychologist for the care- 

1 The subdivisions 4 to 7 inclusive mean the creation of what will be, for most 
communities, entirely new lines of usefulness, and will call for insight and 
knowledge on the part of school health-ofl&cers, teachers, principals, and super- 
intendents. The division of child- welfare, of the state department of educa- 
tion, will in time prove to be of great assistance in this work. 

2 This work deals with the school plant rather than the school teachers or 
children, and the division of schoolhouse construction and sanitation, of the 
state department of education, will naturally be of much assistance here. 



Revised School Code 137 

ful study of individual and general problems relating to the 
mental development of the children in the schools, the ad- 
justment of instruction to special needs, and the direction of 
special-type instruction for children varying markedly from 
the normal type. 

Sec. 141. Examinations of teachers and employees. — 
After the organization in any school-district of the work pro- 
vided for in this article, all new janitors, teachers, and super- 
visory ofi&cers shall be required to be examined and approved 
as in good health by the school health-officer for the district, 
as a prerequisite for employment, and any janitor, teacher, 
or supervisory officer, without reference to time of employ- 
ment, may be requested by the superintendent of education 
or by the board of education for the district, to submit him- 
self or herself to such physical examination, if there is reason 
to suspect that such person is suffering from any contagious 
disease.^ All such employees may, at any tim_e, be given 
such an examination, free of charge, on their own request. 

Article 27. Sanitary Control 

Sec. 142. Contagious diseases. — No person suffering 
from tuberculosis shall be a pupil, teacher, janitor, or other 
employee in any pubHc school, unless it be a special school 
for the instruction of persons so affficted, and carried on under 
regulations made for such schools. No person suffering from 
any contagious disease shall, similarly, be continued as teacher, 
pupil, janitor, or other employee in any school, during the 
period of contagion.^ All pupils prevented from attending 
school on account of the enforcement of the health or sanita- 
tion laws of this state, or by the enforcement of the health 

1 Such examinations of teachers and janitors is a natural corollary of health 
supervision in the schools. There is no point to providing health supervision 
for pupils, and then employing tubercular teachers and syphilitic janitors. 

^ This also foUows as a natural corollary. 



138 Educational Reorganization 

regulations of this chapter of the School Code, are thereby 
relieved from complying with the provisions of Chap. XVI of 
this Code relative to compulsory attendance, during the time 
such pupils are prevented from attending school. 

Sec. 143. Vaccination required. — Every child or person 
who shall enter or be enrolled in as a pupil, or be employed 
or commence work in, any school, college, university, academy, 
or other educational institution in this state as a teacher, 
janitor, or other employee, whether the same be public or 
private, sectarian or non-sectarian, shall file with the teacher 
or principal, and the same shall be properly recorded in the 
teacher's register and in the records of the school health-de- 
partment, either a certificate signed by a duly licensed and 
practicing physician, showing that such child or person has 
been successfully vaccinated (giving the date thereof) within 
seven years prior to the date when the same shall be filed, or 
a certificate signed by the health-officer of the board of health, 
within whose territorial jurisdiction such institution may 
be located, stating that such child or person has been exam- 
ined by him and has presented satisfactory evidence to 
him that he or she has been vaccinated within such period of 
seven years. 

Sec. 144. Exclusion from school. — If, at any time, it 
shall appear to the board of health having jurisdiction in the 
district where the school attended by such children or persons 
is located, or to the state board of health, that there is danger 
of contagion or infection from smallpox, within the district 
or subdistrict, either may order the schools to exclude, im- 
mediately, all unvaccinated children or persons from any 
school or schools or other form of educational institution, 
and they shall be excluded forthwith and continuously from 
admission to, attendance upon, or service in connection with 
any such institution, until they have been either successfully 
vaccinated, or until such time as all danger from contagion 



Revised School Code 139 

from smallpox shall have ceased within the district or sub- 
district concerned. ■'■ 

Sec. 145. General sanitary control. — Each district or 
subdistrict school board shall exercise such general sanitary 
control as is directed elsewhere ^ in this Code, in the laws of 
this state, or by authority of state and local boards of health, 
and the state commissioner of education shall also exercise 
such sanitary control over school buildings as is elsewhere 
provided ^ in this Code. 

1 This modification of the old law is a concession to a small group of objec- 
tors. The certificates are supposed to be required, but instead of putting the 
onus of enforcing the requirement on the school board, in times when there is 
no smallpox in the region, it is left discretionary with the local or state board 
of health to order its enforcement, as soon as any danger appears. The parents 
of children excluded from school for refusal to obey the vaccination laws may 
be proceeded against under the provisions of the compulsory education law 
(see Chap. XVI). 

2 See Sec. 64, relating to exclusions from school. 

* See Sec. 127, relating to the condemnation of school buildings. 



CHAPTER XI. TEXT-BOOKS AND SUPPLIES 

Article 28. Basis of Supply 

Sec. 146. Unit for adoptions. — The unit for the adoption 
of courses of study, text-books, supplemental books, and 
school supplies shall be the unit of supervision.^ Subject 
only to the provisions of this Code as to subjects of instruc- 
tion, each city school-district and each county school-district 
in this state shall form units for the adoption of courses of 
study, which need not be uniform for all schools within the 
district, and for the adoption of text-books for use in the 
schools. 

Sec. 147. State approved lists. — The state board of 
education, acting on the recommendation of the commissioner 
of education, shall, within one year after this Revised School 
Code takes effect, prepare a list of approved text and supple- 
mental books from which adoptions shall be made by the 
different county and city boards of education in each of the 
school subjects of study, and according to the following 
plan.^ 

(i) Each publisher, wishing to have any book adopted for 
use in the schools of this state, shall submit copies of the same 
to the state commissioner of education, together with a state- 
ment in writing of the price at which he will sell such book 

1 As required by the revised constitution of the state, Art, IX, Sec. 13. This 
eliminates the state uniformity which has prevailed for nearly two decades, 
much to the disadvantage of the schools, 

2 This is a plan to keep down the prices to about the same which prevailed 
under the old state uniformity. It is expected that the list will be a large open 
list, containing any good book on any school subject. The purpose of the ap- 
proved list is primarily to regulate prices. 

140 



Revised School Code 141 

to any city or county school-district authorities in the state, 
and a brief setting forth the merits and usefulness of the book 
in question. 

(2) The commissioner of education shall direct an exami- 
nation to be made as to the prices at which such book is sold 
in other states in the Union, and shall submit the book, offer, 
and brief to the heads of the proper divisions of the state 
department of education for an opinion as to the desirability 
of placing such book on the list of books approved for adop- 
tion in this state. 

(3) If the nature and quality of the book, and the price at 
which it is offered, meet with his approval, he shall then recom- 
mend to the state board of education that such book be placed 
on the approved Hst, at the price agreed upon. 

(4) If the state board of education approves the recom- 
mendation, at the price offered, they shall then direct the 
secretary and business manager to enter into a contract with 
the publishing firm to sell such book to the governing board 
for any city or county school-district in the state. 

(5) On the proper execution of the contract, the state 
commissioner of education shall notify each county and city 
board of education of said approval, with the price which is 
to be paid, after which any book so authorized may be adopted 
for use by any school-district in this state. 

(6) The state board of education may, similarly, add other 
books to the list, from time to time, and, for cause, may re- 
move any book so adopted from the list. 

(7) Private or parochial schools may purchase books 
adopted for use in the schools of this state on the same terms 
as public-school corporations. 

Sec. 148. Books to be furnished free. — Each county or 
city board of education shall adopt, from the authorized Hsts, 
such books as it needs for use in the schools, either as regular 
texts or as supplemental books, and shall purchase the same, 



142 Educational Reorganizatio7i 

in such quantities as may be needed, for use in the schools 
of the district.^ The same text need not necessarily be used 
in all schools of the district. All regular text-books, both in 
day and evening schools of elementary or secondary grade, 
shall be loaned to the pupils free of charge, subject to such 
general rules and regulations as to their care as the superin- 
tendent of education shall have approved, in accordance with 
the provisions of Sec. 24, subdiv. 4, of this Code. Any parent 
who desires to do so may purchase one or more of the books 
used by his child from the board of education, at cost. The 
regular text-books may be changed at the close of any school 
term or year, as the board of education may direct.^ 

Sec. 149. Free school supplies. — Each county and city 
board of education shall also furnish, free of any charge, and 
in sufficient quantities to meet the needs of instruction, all 
chalk, ink, pencils, pens, penholders, writing and drawing 
paper, soap, sanitary towels, and toilet paper; all ordinary 
equipment for instruction in drawing, kindergartens, manual 
training, and household economy; and in agricultural, in- 
dustrial, and scientific work. In such instruction, where 
large pieces are to be made and taken home and kept, pupils 
may be required to pay the cost of the raw material used; 
and in laboratory instruction, a breakage fee ^ may be charged. 

1 There is also no further need for time-periods in adoptions. It may be 
presumed that text-books once bought will be used until they are worn out, and 
this is more likely to be too long rather than too short a time. A regular text 
in geography may last four or five years ; a reader may be badly worn in two 
or three. A uniform time limit is not desirable, and with free text-books and 
local adoptions is no longer necessary. 

2 With free books, which is new, and the county-unit for administration, the 
need for uniformity entirely disappears. There is no educational reason for 
general uniformity, either in courses or in texts. 

2 It was felt by many that this fee, especially in the secondary-schools, should 
cover materials also, but it was decided not to include such, as too often even 
small fees tend to keep students from studying the sciences. Too many now 
study the book subjects, and too few the sciences. 



TITLE V. THE TEACHING FORCE 

CHAPTER XII. THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS 

Article 29. The State Normal Schools 

Sec. 150. Schools and purpose. — The five state normal 
schools now in existence, located at Huron, Rocky Ford, 
Cayuga, Miami, and Council Crest, are continued as the five 
state normal schools for this state. These schools shall be 
maintained for the purpose of training persons to teach in the 
rural, town, and city elementary schools of this state. 

Sec. 151. To whom open. — The basis for admission to 
each of the state normal schools shall be the same, and shall 
be graduation from a four-year secondary-school course, 
based, in turn, on the completion of an eight-year elementary- 
school course, or equivalent instruction. Any resident of 
this state, not less than seventeen years of age, shall be en- 
titled to admission, and residents of other states may be ad- 
mitted under conditions to be laid down by general rule by the 
state board of education. 

Sec. 152. The course of instruction. — The regular course 
of instruction shall be two years in length, in all departments, 
except that an additional year in industrial and vocational 
lines, and a shorter course for experienced teachers and for 
college graduates who desire to enter, may be provided by 
any school desiring to do so. Any school may also provide 
courses in kindergarten training. Work in some forms of 
industrial education, household-economics, and agriculture, 
as defined by Sec. 79 of this Code, shall be offered in each 
school as a part of the regular two-year course. The state 

143 



144 Educational Reorganization 

board of education shall have power to standardize the 
courses of instruction offered. 

Sec. 153. Government of each school. — Of the present 
boards of trustees for each school, the five appointed members 
shall remain, and the ex-oficio members ^ shall retire. As 
the terms of the appointed members expire, the governor shall, 
each year, appoint a successor, for a five-year term. He shall 
also fill all vacancies which may occur in any board, for any 
cause, and for the unexpired term. The commissioner of 
education shall be notified of all meetings of each normal- 
school board, and both he and the principal of the school shall 
have the right to attend, and to speak on any question under 
consideration, but without the right to vote. Each board 
shall elect a president of the board from among its own mem- 
bership; the principal of the school shall act, ex-officio, as 
secretary of the board ; ^ and each board shall designate a 
bank to act as treasurer. Each board shall meet at least 
three times each year, and at such other times as they deem 
necessary. The actual expenses of each member in attend- 
ing the meetings shall be audited and paid from the general 
fund appropriated for the maintenance of each school. 

Sec. 154. Powers of boards of trustees. — The board of 
trustees for each state normal school shall have the follow- 
ing powers and duties : — 

(i) To elect a principal for the school, for four-year terms, 
and to fix his compensation, which shall not be reduced 
during his term of office. He shall have the initiative 

^ The governor and the superintendent of public instruction have been ex- 
officio members of all five boards in the past, but have seldom attended the 
meetings. Under the new plan each board is reduced to five working members, 
with the commissioner of education privileged to attend, and participate in 
conference. 

2 This gives the principal an official connection with the board, and puts him 
into more intimate touch with their work. His secretary can do most of the 
purely clerical work for him. 



Revised School Code 145 

in the nomination of all teachers and other assistants for 
appointment, promotion, and dismissal, the board determin- 
ing the salaries to be paid. He shall also have the initiative 
in all matters relating to the courses of instruction.^ He shall 
also be held responsible for the discipline and the successful 
conduct of the school. 

(2) To fix the salary of all employees, of whatever kind, 
and to apportion the expenditure of all moneys appropriated 
for the support and maintenance of the school by the general 
assembly, and all moneys received from any other source. 

(3) To have general charge of the maintenance of the build- 
ings and grounds of the school ; the erection of new buildings, 
or the extension of the school plant, as authorized; and to 
authorize the purchase of furniture, apparatus, and equipment. 

(4) To prescribe rules for their own government, and for 
the government of the school. 

(5) To maintain, in connection with the work of the normal 
schools, such model or training schools of the elementary- 
school grade, or the elementary- and intermediate-school 
grades combined, as may be needed. 

(6) To keep a record of their official acts, which shall be open 
to pubHc inspection, and to make an annual report as to the 
work of the board and of the school to the state board of edu- 
cation, embodying such information as they or the commis- 
sioner of education may direct.^ 

Sec. 155. Graduates entitled to certificates. — Graduates 
of any state normal school in this state shall be entitled to a 

* This guarantees to the principal the rights he must possess if he is to ad- 
minister the school successfully. 

2 This gives to each board enough management to retain their active interest 
in the school, and also leaves each board enough freedom in the management 
to enable them to develop schools with some individuality, while at the same 
time conforming to uniform educational standards as to admission and gradua- 
tion. The report is to the chief educational body of the state, instead of, as 
formerly, to a political ofl&cer. 



146 Educational Reorganization 

teacher's certificate of elementary-school grade in any county 
in this state, on presentation of their diploma of graduation 
to the county superintendent of education, as provided for in 
Sec. 172 of this Code, and valid for such periods as are pre- 
scribed by Sec. 173. 

Article 30. Local Training-Schools 

Sec. 156. County training-classes. — Any county school- 
district in this state not having located within the county 
a state normal school, and maintaining an approved county 
school of agriculture, as provided for by Art 15 of this Code, 
which oft'ers a four-year secondary-school course of instruc- 
tion in agriculture, household economics, industrial work, 
and academic subjects, as provided for by Sees. 81 and 82 
of this Code, may provide for a teachers' training-course in 
connection therewith, for the purpose of training teachers 
for the rural and small town-schools of the county. This 
teachers' training-course may be substituted for the fourth 
year of the other courses, or may be offered as a graduate 
year of instruction. The course of instruction for the 
teachers' training-year shall be that approved for such schools 
by the state board of education,^ and graduates of such 
courses, on presentation of their diplomas of graduation, 
shall be entitled to second-grade elementary-school teacher's 
certificate, as provided in Sees. 172 and 173 of this Code. 

Sec 157. City normal schools. — Any first-class city 
school-district in this state may establish a city normal school, 

1 Teachers' training-classes in secondary-schools have made but little head- 
way in this state, and the commission did not desire to encourage them. The 
teachers trained in such courses go to the rural schools, and the proper place 
to train rural teachers is in an agricultural high-school. Under the county 
educational reorganization provided for under Art. 6, the demand for teachers 
of this training will grow smaller after a few years. Not more than half the 
counties will ever need such training classes in connection with their county 
schools of agriculture. 



Revised School Code 147 

provided that the admission requirements and standards 
maintained are not lower than for the state normal schools; 
that the course of instruction is not less than two years in 
length; that the equipment and course of instruction be 
subject to approval by the state board of education ; and that 
the school be open to inspection by the state department of 
education. Graduates of such schools may be granted first- 
grade elementary-school certificates, as provided for in Sees. 
172 and 173 of this Code/ 

Article 31. The State Teachers College 

Sec. 158. Location. — The State Teachers College, for the 
training of teachers for the secondary-schools and super- 
visory officers for the schools of this state, shall be located at 
Chippewa Falls, and in connection with and under the con- 
trol of the regents of the University of Osceola. The regents 
of the University of Osceola shall biennially present to the 
general assembly an estimate of the sums needed to main- 
tain properly a teachers college of high grade, and the main- 
tenance of such college, as an integral part of the university 
work, shall be one of the important functions of the University 
of Osceola. Graduates of the University of Osceola shall be 
granted certificates to teach in this state, provided they comply 
with the conditions prescribed by Chap. XIII of this Code. 

Sec. 159. Purpose of the College. — The purpose of the 
state teachers college shall be to educate and train teachers 
for the intermediate and secondary schools of the state, and 
supervisors and supervisory officers for the elementary and 
secondary schools and for the county and city school-systems 
of the state, the academic and the professional education of such 
teachers and supervisory officers to be carried on together.-^ 

1 This makes a clear delimitation in function between the normal schools 
on the one hand and the university on the other, and gives to each its proper 
work to do. 



CHAPTER XIII. THE CERTIFICATION OF 

TEACHERS 

Article 32. Examining and Certificating oe Teachers 

Sec. 160. Teachers' certificates required. — No school 
money shall be paid to any person for any services rendered 
as a teacher or an assistant teacher, or, after July first, 191 7, 
as a supervisor, principal, or superintendent in any public 
school in this state, unless such person shall be the holder of 
a certificate, in full force and effect, and of a grade required 
for the position; and unless the same shall have been duly 
registered in the office of the county superintendent of edu- 
cation and validated for the year, as provided for by Sec. 
166 of this Code. No person shall be eligible to receive or 
hold a teacher's certificate in this state who is not at least 
eighteen years of age, and of good moral character. 

Sec. 161. Certificates in force continued. — All teachers' 
certificates and diplomas in force at the time this Revised 
School Code takes effect shall be continued in force for the 
full time for which they were issued, and shall remain valid 
for the grades for which issued, but not more than two re- 
newals of any such certificate shall be granted, and no renew- 
als of such shall be granted after four years from the time 
this Code takes effect.^ Certificates and diplomas previously 
granted may be changed into the new forms of certificates, 

^This gives all teachers, not holding permanent or long-time certificates, 
four years to effect exchanges and to take the examinations in the different 
subjects required. The purpose is to shift all to the new standards as rapidly 
as possible, though, of course, the old meaningless "life diplomas" probably will 
remain. 

148 



Revised School Code 149 

so far as such may be equivalent, by taking examinations on 
the additional subjects now required, full credit being given 
for all subjects that the old certificates represent. The com- 
missioner of education shall issue uniform rules and regula- 
tions governing such interchange of certificates. 

Sec. 162. A state system of certificating. — The examin- 
ing and certificating of teachers, after July first, 191 5, shall 
become a state function,^ and all examinations for teachers' 
certificates thereafter shall be on uniform questions prepared 
and sent out by the examining and certificating division of the 
state department of education, and all papers submitted 
shall be forwarded to and graded by this division. The county 
superintendents of education shall act, as directed, and under 
rules and regulations to be formulated by the commissioner 
of education, as agents for the state department of education 
in giving the examinations, transmitting papers and creden- 
tials, supplying such information as may be requested, and in 
transmitting the certificates granted to the appHcants. 

Sec. 163. Commissioner to determine details. — All de- 
tails as to all examinations for teachers' certificates, of any 
kind, the renewal of the same, the granting of such on creden- 
tials, and the conditions under which certificates, diplomas, 
and degrees from other states will be recognized, not provided 
for in this Code, or specifically given to the state board of 
education for determination, shall be determined by uniform 
rule by the commissioner of education ; and he shall issue a 
bulletin containing such information, together with a brief 

1 A state system has been in the process of gradual evolution in Osceola for 
some time, and state and county examination systems and certificates have 
existed side by side. This abolishes the county examination systems, and sub- 
stitutes one uniform state system. 

The great labor necessary to establishing such a state system for the certifi- 
cation of teachers as is here outhned, coupled with the large amount of other 
work incident to the establishment of- the new state department of education, 
made the postponement of the date for one year a necessity. 



150 Educational Reorganization 

statement as to the nature of the examinations, the points 
which will be emphasized in each, and the book or books which 
best represent the scope and nature of the preparation re- 
quired. 

Sec. 164. Interstate comity. — The purpose of this chapter 
shall be to emphasize training and competency, to put a 
premium on growth and efficiency, to reward study and efforts 
to improve, and to break down artificial barriers against 
competency.^ The professional examinations shall be set 
with these ends in view, and the state board of education shall 
approve lists of institutions inside and outside of this state, 
and certificates and diplomas from other states, for acceptance 
by the state department of education; provided that the 
standards there maintained are not lower than those main- 
tained in Osceola. The state university and the state 
normal schools of Osceola, and the different certificates pro- 
vided for in this chapter, shall be the standards for measure- 
ment.^ 

Sec. 165. Number of examinations, and fees. — Examina- 
tions for elementary-teachers' certificates shall be offered in 
each county twice each year, in June and in December. 
Examinations for supervisory-certificates twice each year, 
at the same times, and examinations for permanent diplomas 
but once each year, and at such times and places as the com- 
missioner of education may determine. The subjects and 
requirements shall be as stated elsewhere in this chapter. 
Certificates on credentials may be issued at any time,^ on 
appHcation to the state department of education, and the 

1 This is a new conception in this state, and it was thought desirable to 
emphasize it in the law. 

2 Obviously, institutions, certificates, and diplomas representing a mate- 
rially lower standard could not properly be accepted, except for such lower grade 
of certificate as they might prove to be equivalent to. 

^ This is only one of the many points of emphasis placed on training, rather 
than upon examinations, by this chapter. 



Revised School Code 151 

transmission of the necessary fee and the required credentials. 
This may be done through the secretary of any county board 
of education. All credentials upon which certificates are 
granted shall be returned to the applicant, after proper record 
of the same has been made. A fee of $1.00 shall be charged 
for each certificate issued on credentials, and a fee of $2.00 
for each examination for a certificate or diploma of any kind. 
The secretary of the county board of education shall collect 
all fees, and arrange for their transference, as directed, to the 
credit of the state department of education. 

Sec. 166. Registration of certificates required. — All hold- 
ers of teachers^ certificates and diplomas of any kind must, 
as a prerequisite to being paid for teaching, have such regis- 
tered and vaKdated for the year, in the office of the county 
superintendent of education of the county in which the holder 
expects to teach. In the case of city school-districts, the 
county superintendent of education may authorize the city 
superintendent, or some one designated by him, to conduct 
the registration and vahdation, the records being transmitted 
to the office of the county superintendent of schools. No 
fee shall be charged for such registry or vahdation, but no 
certificate or diploma shall be validated for the ensuing year 
unless the holder thereof has complied with the regulations of 
Chap. XV, relating to reading-circle work.^ 

Sec. 167. Success schedules. — The state commissioner 
of education shall make out, and may from time to time revise, 
such a schedule of items as should, in his judgment, enter into 
the record and grading in the item of a teacher's success in 
any city or county school-district. The success form may be 
somewhat different for different classes of districts, or schools, 
but shall include such items as teaching power, government, 

1 The registration forms an accurate annual record of certificates, training, 
and persons entitled to pay, and the validation is to check up the reading-cirde 
work and other evidences of professional growth. 



152 Educatio7ial Reorganization 

personal and professional qualities, and reading-circle work, 
and the maximum percentage to be allowed for each shall be 
determined by the commissioner of education. The grade 
for reading-circle work shall be determined as provided for 
in Chap. XV, Art. 38 of this Code. The commissioner shall 
also determine the success-average which shall be required 
for the renewal, without examination, of the different types 
of certificates, and for the consideration of an application from 
a person, otherwise qualified, for a permanent teacher's cer- 
tificate.^ 

Sec. 168. Yearly success-grades. — Each county and city 
superintendent of education, as a result of the year's super- 
vision and inspection of schools, shall annually fill out and sign, 
in triplicate, such a success-form or certificate for all teachers 
and supervisory officers under their respective jurisdictions. 
One copy shall be deHvered to the teacher or supervisory 
officer concerned, one forwarded to the examining and certifi- 
cating division of the state department, and one filed in the 
office of the county superintendent of education.^ 

In the renewal of all teachers' certificates without examina- 
tion, as provided for in Art. 33 of this Code, and on and after 
July first, 1 91 6, the success-grades issued for the years since 
the certificate was granted or last renewed, not exceeding 
the last three in number, shall be added together and averaged, 
and the certificate shall not be renewed without re-examina- 
tion in case the success-average for the period falls below the 
average required for renewal for such grade of certificate, as 

^ It was the feeling of the commission that the certificating and supervising 
functions should be closely connected, and the success-average was decided upon 
as the best means of making a definite connection between the two. 

2 This insures a set of perfectly definite records, of which the teacher is 
cognizant. The giving of such itemized success-grades ought to insure a care- 
ful and free discussion of defects during the year. The high value placed 
on teaching success ought to secure the hearty cooperation of teachers in efforts 
at personal improvement. 



Revised School Code 153 

required by the uniform rules governing such renewals issued 
by the commissioner of education. 

In all re-examinations for teachers' certificates, or examina- 
tions for certificates or diplomas of a higher grade, the aver- 
age made on the academic subjects shall count one- third, the 
average made on the professional subjects one-third, and the 
success-average one-third. Where no examination on aca- 
demic subjects is required, the average made on the profes- 
sional subjects and the success-average shall each count one- 
half. If the candidate has no success-grade in this state, 
then the academic and the professional subjects shall each 
count one-half, or the professional subjects shall be taken 
alone, as required by the conditions of the examination 
taken. 

Sec. 169. Suspension and revocation of certificates. — 
For immorahty, dishonesty, intemperance, unprofessional 
conduct, incompetency, or insubordination, any county or 
city board of education, on the recommendation of their 
superintendent of education, may suspend any teacher, as- 
sistant teacher, principal, supervisor, or assistant superin- 
tendent from service, and may also recommend to the state 
department of education the revocation of the certificate or 
diploma of such person. In the case of a city or county su- 
perintendent of education the board may take such action, by 
a four-fifths vote, without the concurrence of the superin- 
tendent. The grounds upon which the recommendation for 
the revocation of a certificate or diploma is made shall be 
stated, as a part of the recommendation. The person con- 
cerned shall also have the right to file a statement con- 
taining his defense, and the commissioner of education may 
order such investigation as he may deem necessary or de- 
sirable. If he approves the recommendation, the certificate 
or diploma shall be revoked, and the person dropped from 
the service. 



154 Educational Reorganization 

Article ^iZ- Forms of Certificates Granted 

A. Kindergarten Certificates 

Sec. 170. Basis of granting. — A kindergarten certifi- 
cate, valid to teach in any kindergarten in this state, may be 
issued to : — • 

(i) Any one who has completed a secondary-school course; 
or who has been graduated from a county teachers'-training- 
class, or a state normal school; or who has taught for one 
year on at least a second-grade elementary-school certifi- 
cate; and 

(2) Who, in addition, has completed a kindergarten train- 
ing-course in a state normal school, or a kindergarten training- 
school approved by the state board of education, and who 
presents credentials evidencing competency to direct a kinder- 
garten class. 

Such certificates shall be granted, at first, for a two-year 
period, and then, if the holder proves to be a successful kin- 
dergartner, as determined by the success-grades filed, the 
certificate may be renewed, without examination, for three- 
year periods, so long as the holder continues to be a successful 
kindergartner, as shown by the success-grades.^ 

Sec. 171. Permanent kindergarten certificate. — A per- 
manent^ kindergarten certificate, valid for life in any county 
or city school-district in this state, may be granted, on appli- 
cation to the commissioner of education, to any kindergarten 
teacher : — 

(i) Who has taught for not less than seven years, as defined 

1 Here, as elsewhere throughout this chapter, renewals are based on evidence 
of continued or increasing success and growth, and not on possession and a 
desire to retain the position. 

2 The term permanent certificate was chosen here and elsewhere through- 
out this chapter, instead of life diploma, to distinguish the new form, based on 
success and evidence of increased knowledge, from the old form, for which there 
were practically no qualifications except being employed for seven years. 



Revised School Code 155 

by Sec. 67 of this Code, at least four of which shall have been 
in this state ; 

(2) Who at the time holds, and has held for the preceding 
four years, a kindergarten certificate in this state ; 

(3) Whose success-grades for the preceding three years 
have averaged at least as high as the average required, under 
the rules issued by the commissioner of education, for eli- 
gibiHty for a permanent kindergarten certificate ; 

(4) Who passes an examination on educational hygiene 
and educational psychology ; ^ and 

(5) Who submits an acceptable thesis, involving observa- 
tion and some reading, on one of a number of topics, relating 
to kindergarten work, selected from a list of thesis subjects 
published by the commissioner of education.^ 

B, Elementary-School Certificates 

Sec. 172. Grades of and requirements for. — This certifi- 
cate shall be of two grades, and based on requirements, as 
follows : — 

I. Second-grade elementary-school certificate? To be granted 
to: — 

^ The examination on additional subjects, in most cases entirely professional, 
is to insure some evidence of thoughtful professional study on the part of those 
desiring permanent certificates. This has been made a feature of the permanent- 
certification provisions of this chapter. 

2 These subjects should be selected some time in advance. Long or "orig- 
inal" contributions should not be expected. The purpose is rather to stimu- 
late thinking and observation, and the formulation of results in the form of a 
paper. This may prove painful to some teachers, but the pains will be growing 
pains. 

^ This certificate represents a real need at present, but with county educa- 
tional reorganization, the larger finance, the better basis for the apportionment 
of funds provided, the future enlarged use of education as a basis for salary 
grants, and the growth of the normal schools, this grade of certificate will in 
time decrease greatly in importance. Its chief use is as a trial certificate for 
new teachers, without normal school training. 



156 Educational Reorganization 

(i) Graduates of teachers^ training-classes, connected with 
county schools of agriculture, on the presentation of their 
diplomas and a recommendation for the certificate from the 
school ; 

(2) To others who have completed a secondary-school 
course or its equivalent, and who pass an examination in : — 

(a) Academic subjects. — All of the subjects of instruction 
required for elementary schools, as defined in Sec. 68 of this 
Code; and 

{h) Professional subjects. — The principles of teaching ; 
school and class management; the rules and regulations of 
the state board of education relating to the duties of teachers, 
and their relations to parents and school officers; and, if 
without a success-grade, the reading-circle books required of 
elementary teachers for the year in which the examination is 
taken. 

II. First-grade elementary-school certificates. To be granted, 
without examination : — 

(i) To graduates of the state normal schools, and approved 
city normal schools of this state ; 

(2) To the graduates of state and city normal schools in 
other states, if the course taken in such school has been ap- 
proved by the state board of education as of equal rank with 
similar courses given in the state normal schools of this state ; 
and 

(3) On examination, to those who have taught not less 
than one year, on a second-grade elementary-school certifi- 
cate, or its equivalent in this or some other state, and who 
pass an examination on : — 

(a) Academic subjects. 

[i] All of the academic subjects required for a second- 
grade elementary-school certificate, a live sec- 
ond-grade elementary-school certificate being 
taken in lieu of such an examination ; 



Revised School Code 157 

[2] Three secondary-school subjects, one of which 
must be Enghsh, including expression, and 
another some one science ; ^ and 
[3] One special subject of instruction, selected from 
the following : music, drawing, manual train- 
ing, sewing, domestic science, playground direc- 
tion and games, and agriculture ; ^ 
(5) Professional subjects. 

[i] All of the professional subjects required for a second- 
grade elementary-school certificate, a live 
second-grade elementary- school certificate being 
taken in lieu of such examination ; and 
[2] Educational theory; child psychology; and, if 
the appHcant is without a success-grade, on the 
reading-circle books required of elementary- 
school teachers for the year in which the exam- 
ination is taken.^ 
Sec. 173. Validity and renewals of elementary-school 
certificates. — An elementary-school certificate, of either 
grade, shall be vaHd for teaching in the first eight grades 
of the pubKc school course, and including the ninth grade 
in second-class attendance-subdistricts, but not including 
kindergarten classes, or the seventh or eighth grade classes 
when forming a part of an intermediate school.^ 

1 The use of English and some knowledge of science are fundamental for 
effective elementary-school teaching, and are included here for this reason. 

2 This should not mean a knowledge such as a special supervisor should have, 
but rather famiharity with some one special subject sufficient for intelligent 
class-room instruction. 

^ The professional subjects are included for all certificates. The emphasis 
is placed only on subjects of fundamental importance for the teacher in such 
grades ; and these professional subjects constantly build up until the culmina- 
tion is reached in the permanent supervisory certificate, which represents a 
good grasp of the literatiure of education. 

^ Only intermediate-school certificates or secondary-school certificates are 
valid here. 



158 Educational Reorganization 

The second-grade elementary-school certificate shall be 
regarded as a trial certificate, and shall be valid for but one 
year, and only in the county where the training course or 
the examination was taken. If the teacher proves to be a 
successful teacher, as determined by the success-grades filed, 
the certificate may then be renewed once, on the recommenda- 
tion of the county superintendent of education for the county 
in which the holder taught, and without examination, for a 
three-year period; and such renewed certificate may then 
be accepted by county superintendents of education in other 
counties, if they care to do so. 

A first-grade elementary-school certificate shall be valid 
in any county in the state. It shall be issued at first for a 
two-year period, and then, if the holder proves to be a success- 
ful teacher, as determined by the success-grades filed, the 
certificate may then be renewed, without examination, for 
four-year periods, so long as the holder continues to be a suc- 
cessful teacher, as shown by the success-grades filed, or is 
engaged in study or some form of educational work. Appli- 
cations for renewal shall be approved by the county or city 
superintendent of education for the district in which the appli- 
cant last taught. 

Sec. 174. Permanent elementary-school certificate. — A 
permanent elementary-school certificate, valid for life and in 
any county or city school-district in this state, may be granted 
on application to the state commissioner of education, to any 
teacher : — 

(i) Who has taught for not less than seven years, as defined 
by Sec. 67 of this Code, at least four of which shall have been 
in this state ; 

(2) Who at the time holds, and has held for the preceding 
four years, a first-grade elementary-school certificate, or its 
equivalent (old form) ; 

(3) Whose success-grades for the preceding three years 



Revised School Code 159 

have averaged at least as high as the average required, under 
the rules issued by the commissioner of education, for eligi- 
bihty for a permanent elementary-school diploma ; 

(4) Who passes an examination on {a) educational hygiene, 
and (6) the development and function of public education in 
America; and 

(5) Who submits an acceptable thesis, involving obser- 
vation and some reading, on one of a number of topics relating 
to the work of the elementary-school, selected from a Kst 
of thesis subjects published by the commissioner of educa- 
tion. 

Graduates of state normal schools and of approved city 
normal schools in this state, and of approved state and city 
normal schools in other states, may be granted permanent 
elementary-school diplomas, under the same conditions as 
are outhned above in this section, except that a teaching 
experience of only six years instead of seven, and three years in 
this state instead of four, shall be required of such.^ 

C Intermediate-School Certificates ^ 

Sec. 175. Requirements for. — An intermediate-school cer- 
tificate, vaKd for teaching in any elementary-school or in any 
grade of a regularly organized intermediate-school in this 
state, may be granted : — 

(i) To any teacher : — 

{a) Who has taught for not less than two years in this 
state, on a first-grade elementary-school certificate, or its 
equivalent (old form) ; or who has taught two years in 

1 This counts the normal school training as equivalent to one year of actual 
experience in teaching. 

2 This continues, in a way, a certificate which was recently instituted in tTiis 
state, and which may for a time represent a real need, as well as offer a stimulus 
to many successful and ambitious teachers to secure some college training. In 
time the secondary-school certificate wiU become so common, and the cities 
will so prefer such, that this certificate can probably be abandoned. 



i6o Educational Reorganization 

another state, on a certificate recognized as equivalent ; and 
who, in addition, 

(6) Spends two years as a regular student in the University 
of Osceola, or in an institution recognized by the state board of 
education as offering instruction of equivalent grade, and who, 
while a student there 

[i] Emphasizes one or more lines of work taught in 
the intermediate-school grades, such as Enghsh, 
languages, history, science, or mathematics; 
and who, in addition, 
[2] Carries successfully, in the Teachers College or de- 
partment of education of such institution, at 
least three units for one year, or the equivalent, 
in courses relating to the theory of education, 
the work of instruction, or the hygienic aspects 
of educational work.^ 
Sec. 176. Validity ; permanent form. — An intermediate- 
school certificate, so granted, shall be valid for four years, 
and may then be renewed, without examination, for four- 
year periods, so long as the holder continues to be a success- 
ful teacher, as shown by the success-grades filed, or is engaged 
in study or some form of educational work. 

A permanent intermediate-school certificate, valid for fife 
in any county or city school-district in this state, may be 
granted, on application, to any teacher : — 

(i) Who has taught for not less than seven years, as de- 
fined by Sec. 67 of this Code, at least four of which shall have 
been in intermediate-schools in this state ; 

(2) Who at the time holds and has held, for the preced- 
ing four years, an intermediate-school certificate in this 
state ; 

(3) Whose success-grades for the preceding three years 

1 Actual study in classes is here required, instead of examinations based 
on reading. 



Revised School Code i6i 

have averaged at least as high as the average required, under 
the rules issued by the commissioner of education, for eligi- 
bility for a permanent intermediate-school certificate; 

(4) Who passes an examination on {a) educational hygiene, 
and (6) the development and function of pubUc education in 
America; and 

(5) Who submits an acceptable thesis, involving observa- 
tion and some reading, on one of a number of topics relating 
to the work of the intermediate school, or the educational and 
social problems surrounding pupils in that period of educa- 
tion, and selected from a Hst of thesis subjects published by the 
commissioner of education.-^ 

Graduates of approved normal schools shall be given the 
same preferences and advantages as provided for under Sec. 
174, for the granting of permanent elementary-school 
diplomas. 

D. Secondary-School Certificates 

Sec. 177. Requirements for. — Secondary-school certifi- 
cates, vaHd for teaching in any intermediate- or second- 
ary-school in this state, or in the seventh or eighth 
grades of any elementary school, shall be granted only to 
graduates of the University of Osceola, or to graduates of an 
institution, in this or another state, recognized by the state 
board of education as offering instruction of equivalent grade, 
and who, as a part of the undergraduate study : — 

(i) Make special preparation to teach one or more of the 
subjects of instruction taught in secondary schools ; and 

(2) Complete at least fifteen units of work in the Teachers 
College or department of education, which shall have included 
courses on the theory of education ; the principles of teaching 
and class management; the function and purpose of pubhc 

1 Here, as in other cases in this chapter, evidence of growth and thinking on 
the educational problem are demanded for permanent certificates. 

M 



1 62 Educational Reorganization 

education in America ; and the peculiar needs and the attain- 
able goals in secondary education ; and 

(3) Who are granted, with their diploma, a special recom- 
mendation from the faculty, recommending the person for a 
secondary-school certificate in Osceola.-^ 

Sec. 178. Validity and renewals. — The first certificate 
granted on such credentials shall be in the nature of a trial 
certificate,^ and shall be issued for a two-year period, 
and then, if the holder proves to be a successful teacher, 
as determined by the success-grades filed, the certificate may 
be renewed, without examination, for four-year periods, so 
long as the holder continues to be a successful teacher, as 
shown by the success-grades, or is engaged in study or some 
form of educational work. 

Sec. 179. Permanent secondary-school certificates. — A 
permanent secondary-school certificate, valid for Hfe and in 
any county or city school-district in this state, may be granted, 
on application, to any teacher : — 

(i) Who has taught for not less than seven years, as defined 
in this Code, at least four of which shall have been in secondary- 
schools in this state ; 

(2) Who at the time holds and has held, for the preceding 
four years, a secondary-school certificate ; 

(3) Whose success-grades for the preceding three years 
have averaged at least as high as the average required, un- 
der the rules issued by the commissioner of education, for 
eligibility for a permanent secondary-school certificate ; 

^ This now makes obligatory a certificate previously optional, and eliminates 
intermediate-school certificates and general life-diplomas from secondary- 
school work. Special preparation in subject matter and professional subjects, 
and college graduation, are required for this certificate. There are no examina- 
tions by means of which it can be obtained. 

2 Not all college graduates develop into successful teachers, and this trial 
period will prove useful both as a stimulus and as a means for sifting out the 
unfit. 



Revised School Code 163 

(4) Who spends one year in graduate study in the Uni- 
versity of Osceola,^ or in an institution recognized by the state 
board of education as offering instruction of equivalent grade, 
and who devotes a portion of such time to : {a) advanced 
academic study in the subject or subjects he desires to teach 
in the secondary school ; and (6) to a further study of the 
history, problems, and administration of pubHc education, 
including comparative secondary-education, and under the 
direction of the Teachers College or department of education 
in such institution ; and 

(5) Who submits an acceptable thesis, involving the results 
of independent study, on some topic relating to the work or 
administration of the secondary school, 

E. Supervisory Certificates 

Sec. 180. Grades and requirements for. — This certifi- 
cate shall be of two grades, as follows : — 

(i) Second-grade supervisory certificate? — This certificate 
may be granted to : — 

{a) Any graduate of a state or city normal school in this 
state, or of an approved normal school in another state, who 
has taught at least two years ; or 

(6) Any person who has spent at least two years in a 
college of standing, and who has taught two years; or 

(c) Any other person who has had three years of teaching 
experience on a certificate at least as high as a first-grade 
elementary-school certificate ; and who, in addition, 

idi) Passes an examination in school hygiene ; child hygiene ; 

^ This is in keeping with previous requirements. A year of graduate study, 
after some years of teaching, will prove of especial value both to the teacher and 
to the schools. 

2 This second-grade certificate is to single out and reward the successful 
practitioner, who has not had college advantages, but who, b}^ independent 
study, has kept abreast and made professional preparation for his work. 



164 Educational Reorganization 

the School Code of this state; and either the principles 
of city school administration, or the principles of state and 
county school administration. 

Applicants may present certificates showing that they have 
studied any or all of the above subjects, in regular or summer 
sessions of approved colleges or universities, under competent 
instructors, though the acceptance of such certificates in lieu 
of an examination, in whole or in part, shall rest with the 
state department of education.^ 

(2) First-grade supervisory certificate? — This certificate 
may be granted, without examination, to any one who has 
had two years of teaching experience, and who has been gradu- 
ated from the Teachers College of the University of Osceola, 
or from the Teachers College or department of education of an 
institution recognized by the state board of education as of- 
fering instruction of equivalent grade, and who presents a 
certificate showing that the subjects enumerated under id), 
above, were completed there, and that the applicant is recom- 
mended by such college or department for a supervisory cer- 
tificate in Osceola. 

Sec. 181. Validity and renewals. — The two grades of 
supervisory certificates shall have the same force and vahdity, 
both being valid for teaching in or for supervising any ele- 
mentary, intermediate, or secondary school in this state, or 
for city or county school supervision. Each grade of the 
certificate shall be granted for four-year periods, and shall be 

1 These subjects, together with those required by previous education or ex- 
aminations, involve a fair grasp of educational literature. The option of sub- 
mitting university or summer-school credits is to encourage study under good 
teachers. 

2 This certificate is for the serious student of education, who carefully pre- 
pares himself for administrative work. This, like the permanent secondary- 
school certificate, emphasizes graduate study along the line of special interest, 
and at a time when it will be of great value to the supervisory officer. An 
option of private study and an examination was thought to be wise here, however, 
by the majority of the commission. 



Revised- School Code 165 

renewable for similar periods, so long as the holder continues 
to be a successful teacher or supervisor, as shown by the suc- 
cess-grades hied ; is employed as a city or county superin- 
tendent of schools in this state ; or remains engaged in some 
form of educational work. 

Sec. 182. Permanent supervisory certificates. — A per- 
manent supervisory certificate, of either grade, and valid for 
hfe in any county or city school-district in this state, may be 
granted, on application, to any holder of a supervisory cer- 
tificate : — 

(i) Who has taught or supervised schools for not less than 
seven years, as defined in this Code, at least four of which 
shall have been in this state, and at least four of which shall 
have been supervisory work ; 

(2) Who at the time holds, and has held for the preceding 
four years, a supervisory certificate of either grade ; 

(3) Whose success-grades for the preceding three years, 
except in the case of city or county school superintendents, 
have averaged at least as high as the average required, under 
the rules issued by the commissioner of education, for eli- 
gibihty for a permanent supervisory certificate ; and 

(4) Who either : 

{a) Spends one year in advanced study in the Teachers 
College of the University of Osceola, or in a Teachers College 
or department of education in some institution recognized 
by the state department of education as offering professional 
preparation in education of equivalent grade; and who 
devotes the year to a study of educational theory, history, 
administration, and problems ; or 

(5) Passes an examination on educational psychology; 
the history of modern education, with particular reference 
to American development and the history of education in 
Osceola; the principles of state and county administration, 
or the principles of city school administration (the one not 



1 66 Ediicational Reorganization 

included in the earlier examination or certification) ; and 
comparative education ; and, in addition, 

(5) Presents an acceptable thesis, involving the results of 
independent study, on some topic relating to the organiza- 
tion and administration of public education in the United 
States.-^ 

F. Vocational- Education Certificates 

Sec. 183. For what work issued. — Vocational-education 
certificates may be issued for instruction in any of the Hues 
of work mentioned in Sec. 79 of this Code. Two grades of 
this certificate shall be issued, a regular and a special form. 
Teachers holding elementary-school, or intermediate-school, 
certificates, and competent to give such instruction, may be 
permitted to give such in any elementary-school without 
the necessity of holding a vocational-education certificate. 
Teachers holding elementary-, intermediate-, or secondary- 
school certificates, who make the regular preparation required 
for vocational instruction, may have such vocational sub- 
jects added to their certificates, as provided for in Sec. 185 
of this Code. 

Sec. 184. Regular vocational certificate. — This certifi- 
cate may be issued to those who, in addition to secondary- 
school training and two years in a normal school, college, or 
technical school, or two of these combined : 

(i) Spend two additional years in some approved insti- 
tution, making special preparation to teach one or more of 
the subjects or lines of work^ enumerated in Sec. 79 of this 
Code; 

(2) Present a recommendation from the faculty of such 

1 This should be a serious piece of work. A thesis for the Master's degree 
could be accepted here. If properly handled, the thesis could be made one 
of the most important parts of the examination for permanent certificates. 

2 This provides for a certificate practically equivalent, in training required, 
to the secondary-school certificate. 



Revised School Code 167 

institution, recommending the candidate as competent to 
give such instruction ; and 

(3) Have either completed courses in such institution, or 
some other approved institution, in the following professional 
subjects : {a) principles of teaching, and class management ; 
(6) theory of education, with special reference to vocational 
education and vocational guidance ; and either (c) pubhc 
education in America, with special reference to city problems 
and needs, or {d) rural-hfe problems, with special reference 
to rural ^ educational needs ; or who passes an examination 
in these subjects, provided, however, that the state department 
may, in its discretion, accept satisfactory experience in teach- 
ing such subjects, or in practical work in the vocation, in place 
of any or all of professional ^ subjects (a), (c), or {d). 

Sec. 185. Certificates to state subjects. — Each voca- 
tional certificate issued shall state on its face the particular 
subject or subjects, or group of subjects, which the holder 
thereof is certified to teach in the pubHc schools of this state. 
Any holder of such certificate, by further study in regular 
or summer sessions of institutions giving such preparation, 
or by accceptable service in practical work in the vocations, 
and on the submission of proper credentials covering such 
study or practical experience, may have additional vocational 
subjects added to the face of the certificate, at any time during 
the life of the same. 

Sec. 186. Validity of. — A regular vocational certificate 
shall be vahd for instruction in the subjects mentioned on its 
face in any school of elementary or secondary grade, and in 
any school-district in this state. The first certificate shall 

* It is assumed here that the candidate will be preparing for city vocational 
work, or agricultural work, with a choice of either for household-economy 
teachers. 

2 Good practical experience is given a premium here over theoretical in- 
struction. 



1 68 Educational Reorganization 

be in the nature of a trial certificate, and shall be issued for a 
two-year period, and then, if the holder proves to be a success- 
ful teacher, as determined by the success-grades filed, the 
certificate may then be renewed, without examination, 
for four-year periods, so long as the holder continues to be a 
successful teacher, as shown by the success-grades, or is en- 
gaged in some form of educational work. 

Sec. 187. Permanent vocational certificate. — A per- 
manent vocational-education certificate, valid for life, and in 
any county or city school-district in this state, may be granted, 
on application, to any teacher : — 

(i) Who has taught at least seven years, as defined in this 
Code, at least four of which shall have been in this state ; 
provided, however, that three years of acceptable practical 
experience in the practice of the vocation may be accepted 
as the equivalent of two years of teaching experience, but not 
to exceed a total credit of three years in teaching experience ; 

(2) Who at the time holds and has held, for the preceding 
four years, a regular vocational-education certificate; 

(3) Whose success-grades for the preceding three years 
have averaged at least as high as the average required, under 
the rules issued by the commissioner of education, for eli- 
gibility for a permanent vocational-education certificate; 
and who 

(4) Submits an acceptable thesis, involving the results of 
practical work or study, and relating to some phases of voca- 
tional education. 

Sec. 188. Special vocational certificates. — This certifi- 
cate shall be for the recognition of those of adequate experi- 
ence in the trades and industries, and is intended for such 
practical teachers as are needed in day or evening industrial 
schools, trade schools, or special vocational schools,^ and is 

^ This is to provide for teachers in such subjects as printing, bookbinding, 
plumbing, machine-shop work, blacksmi thing, etc. 



Revised School Code 169 

not to take the place of the regular vocational certificate for 
teachers in regular schools of elementary or secondary grade. 
Such certificate may be issued at any time on acceptable 
credentials, to those who have completed a full secondary- 
school course of instruction, or its equivalent, and who in 
addition have had at least three years of practical experience 
as a worker in the trade or industry for which a special voca- 
tional certificate is desired ; and who are recommended for 
such by a city or county superintendent of education.^ 

Sec. 189. Issue and validity. — The first such special 
vocational certificate shall be in the nature of a trial certificate, 
and shall be vaHd for one year, and Hmited to the city or 
county school-district requesting its issuance, and then, if 
the holder proves to be a successful teacher, as determined 
by the success-grades filed, the certificate may be renewed, 
without examination, for three-year periods, so long as the 
holder continues to be a successful teacher, as shown by the 
success-grades, and may then be accepted in any county in this 
state. 

Applications for special vocational certificates shall be 
made through the county superintendent of education, who 
shall transmit the facts in each case, with his recommendation, 
to the state department of education. 

G. Special Certificates 

Sec. 190. To whom issued. — Special certificates, vaHd to 
teach special subjects of instruction or in special-type schools, 
of either elementary or secondary grade, may be issued to 
properly qualified persons, on the recom.mendation of county 
superintendents of education. No special certificate shall 
be granted, however, to teach the regular studies of a second- 

^ This puts on the market any one wanted, and at the same time only those 
wanted, for particular positions. 



lyo EducatiGiial Reorganization 

ary-school course/ or except for music, drawing,^ gymnasium 
or playground work, commercial work, work as a clinical- 
psychologist, and for special instruction in classes or schools 
for the instruction of blind, deaf, dumb, subnormal, defective, 
or incorrigible children.^ 

The commissioner of education shall make rules covering 
the minimum educational requirements to be accepted for 
each kind of special certificate, but in general no special certifi- 
cate shall be issued unless the applicant has completed a 
secondary-school course of instruction, or its equivalent, and, 
in addition, has made special preparation for the special 
line of work proposed to be taught, at least as satisfactory as 
that required for vocational certificates. 

Applications for special certificates shall be made through 
the county superintendent of education, who shall transmit the 
facts in each case, with his recommendation, to the state 
department of education. 

Sec. 191. Validity of special certificates. — The special 
certificates, provided for in Sec. 190, shall be issued at first 
for one year, and limited in validity to the county from which 
the application comes. If the teacher is successful, and the 
county superintendent of education approves the appKcation, 
the special certificate may then be renewed, for three-year 
periods, so long as the holder continues to be a successful 
teacher, as shown by the success-grades, and such special 
certificate may thereafter be accepted by county superintend- 
ents of education in other counties.^ 

1 This would naturally defeat the requirement of college graduation, and 
offer a side entrance of easier access than the main front entrance. 

2 This subject would ordinarily come under vocational work. 

^ It was desired to limit these special certificates to hona fide special lines of 
work. 

^ It was also desired to provide that a special teacher should prove thoroughly 
successful, before giving him much liberty. For such special work no permanent 
certificates were felt to be desirable. 



Revised School Code 171 

Sec. 192. Health-officer's certificate. — The state depart- 
ment of education may also grant health-officers' certificates, 
valid for three years, and renewable for five-year periods, 
under the conditions stated in Sec. 138 of tliis Code, and to 
such persons as satisfy the commissioner of education that 
they are competent to direct or assist in directing health-su- 
pervision in the pubKc schools of this state. 

Sec. 193. Librarian's certificate. — The state department 
of education shall provide for a librarian's certificate, to be 
issued to Hbrarians and assistant hbrarians, as required by the 
provisions of Sec. 87 of this Code; and the commissioner of 
education, together with the state librarian, shall formulate 
rules and regulations for the issuance of such certificates, and 
the accrediting of Hbrary schools for the training required. 
All such certificates shall be based on evidence of special 
training, under proper conditions. For the Kbrarian's certifi- 
cate this shall not be less than graduation from the state 
library school, or its equivalent, but for assistant librarians 
a smaller amount of training may be accepted. 

Sec. 194. School-janitor's certificate. — The state depart- 
ment of education shall also provide, within two years, 
for examinations for school-janitors' certificates, as directed 
by Sec. 135 of this Code, and the commissioner of education 
shall formulate rules and regulations for such examinations, 
which shall cover such subjects, relating to the proper care 
of school buildings and the work and services of a school 
janitor, as such persons should be expected to know. 

B.. Provisional Certificates 

Sec. 195. County superintendents may issue. — Any 

county superintendent of education may issue a provisional 
certificate, of any grade, and vaHd pending the examination of 
credentials and the issuance of a certificate, if, in his judgment, 
the applicant holds credentials which should entitle the per- 



172 Educational Reorganization 

son to a regular certificate.^ Such provisional certificate shall 
be limited in validity to the district where the applicant pro- 
poses to teach, and shall be valid only until the state depart- 
ment of education decides the case. 

/. City-District Certificates 

Sec. 196. State certificates valid. — The regular state 
teachers' certificates shall be vaHd for teaching in any city 
school-district in this state, and all city examining boards 
for teachers' certificates are hereby abolished,^ to take effect 
July I, 191 5. City certificates in force at the time this Code 
goes into effect shall continue in force for the time for which 
they were issued, and may be renewed, subject to the limi- 
tations provided by Sec. 161 of this Code. Any city school- 
district may, however, vote not to accept any second-grade 
elementary-school certificates, intermediate-school certificates, 
or second-grade supervisory certificates, or any one or more 
of such certificates.^ 

Sec. 197. City-district professional examinations. — Any 
city school-district may, however, superimpose an extra 
professional or competitive examination on top of the re- 
quirement of a state certificate of the proper grade, and may 
require all of any class of new teachers to submit to such extra 
test. The general plan for such extra city examinations shall 
be submitted to the commissioner of education, for his approval.^ 

^ This is a desirable temporary provision to prevent delays to school work. 

2 With the higher state standards soon to be in force, and the provision for 
transference of city certificates into state certificates, there is no further need 
for city certificates or city examining boards. Such are a useless duplication 
of effort. But few of our cities will be affected by this change. 

2 The refusal to accept low-grade certificates is a legitimate and desirable 
privilege, and tends to raise standards throughout the state. 

* This, too, is a desirable grant of power, and should be availed of by many 
of our cities. The only object of having the commissioner of education approve 
of the plans proposed is to see that such plans tend to strengthen rather than 
weaken the state certificating system. 



CHAPTER XIV. APPOINTMENT, TENURE, PAY, 
AND PENSIONS OF TEACHERS 

Article 34. Appointment and Tenure 

Sec. 198. By whom appointed. — Each county and city 
board of education, acting on the recommendation of the 
county or city superintendent of education,^ shall appoint, 
promote, transfer, and dismiss all special and regular teachers, 
principals, and supervisors under their jurisdiction, subject 
to the provisions of this article. 

Sec. 199. Preliminary appointments. — All special and 
regular teachers, principals, and supervisors hereafter ap- 
pointed, by any county or city board of education, shall not 
be appointed for a term extending beyond the close of the 
fiscal year in which the appointment is made, and thereafter 
the reappointment shall be annual until the completion of 
three consecutive years of service as a teacher, principal, or 
supervisor, in the city or county school-district,^ after which 
such persons shall be subject to the provisions of Sec. 200 of 
this Code. All such persons now employed in any county or 
city school-district, who will have been employed for three 
years of consecutive service by or before the close of the school 
year 1914-15, or any date thereafter, shall also pass under 
the provisions of Sec. 200 of this Code after such date.^ 

^ This places on each superintendent the responsibility for the character of 
his teaching force. With the new type of supervision to be provided under the 
new county organization, the superintendent in both county and city should 
have this responsibility. 

2 This puts the county on the same basis as the city, each now being a unit. 

^ This gives every board and their superintendent one year to study the pres- 
ent teaching force, and decide what ones they desire to place on the permanent 
list. 

173 



174 Educational Reorganization 

Sec. 200. Indefinite tenure. — All teachers who have 
served three consecutive years of service in any school-dis- 
trict of this state, by or after the close of the school year 
1914-15, and who are not notified as provided for in Sec. 
201, shall be considered as thereafter employed on indefinite 
tenure, and shall continue in the employment of such county 
or city school-district from year to year, without election or 
re-election in any way, unless given the notice of termination 
of contract provided for in Sec. 201 of this Code ; or dismissed 
for cause, under the provisions of Sec. 202 of this Code ; or 
until retired under the provisions of article 36 of this Code; 
provided, however, that no teacher of any kind, principal, 
or supervisor can be continued in employment who does 
not hold a valid certificate, or whose certificate has not 
been validated for the year, as required by Sec. 166 of this 
Code.i 

Sec. 201. Termination of contract. — Any county or city 
board of education may terminate such indefinite contract 
with any regular or special teacher, principal, or supervisor, 
at the close of any school year, by directing the superintendent 
of education to serve notice on such person that the board 
desires to terminate the contract, for reasons to be stated in 
the notice, at the close of the school year. Such notice shall 
be delivered to such teacher, principal, or supervisor by or 
before the last day in which the school such person is employed 
in is in session, and in no case later than June i of any school 
year. For the sufficiency of the causes stated in such notice 
the board of education concerned shall be the sole judge.^ 

^ This is to secure some evidence of professional growth, and ehminates the 
serious objections of life tenure. Every teacher who keeps growing will con- 
tinue to have permanent tenure ; those who will not grow should not have it. 
Both the reading-circle work (se6 Art. 37) and the conditions for the renewal 
of certificates (see Art. 33) tend to insure professional life and growth. 

2 No one is better able to pass on the sufl&ciency of the causes for dropping 
a teacher than the superintendent and board combined. Certainly the courts 



Revised School Code 175 

Sec. 202. Causes for dismissal. — Any county or city 
board of education may also dismiss any teacher, principal, 
or supervisor, at any time, for immorality, incompetency, 
neglect of duty, or insubordination. Such charges shall be 
preferred by the superintendent for the district concerned. 
The person so charged shall be notified of the charges and their 
nature, and shall be given a hearing by the board of educa- 
tion. If the board deems the charges to have been substan- 
tiated, they may dismiss the person, and the decision of the 
board of education shall not be subject to review except by 
the state commissioner of education, on appeal as provided 
for in Sec. 203. 

Sec. 203. Appeal from decisions. — Any person so dis- 
charged, under the provisions of Sec. 202, may appeal from 
the decision to the state commissioner of education, who shall 
examine into the facts of the case, and his decision on the 
appeal shall be final. ^ 

Sec. 204. Tenure of superintendents. — The tenure and 
methods for the dismissal of county and city superintendents 
of education shall be as provided for elsewhere in this Code.^ 
In the case of any deputy or assistant county or city superin- 
tendent, the board of education may, for cause, and on the 
recommendation of the superintendent, reassign such to a 
different type of supervisory position, at any time.^ 

ought not to interfere here. Both the superintendent and the board are re- 
sponsible to public opinion for their actions. 

1 Such decisions involve educational questions, and not legal ones, and 
should be settled by educational authorities. The courts are not competent to 
pass on the character of the proof offered, and the dismissal of incompetents 
is practically impossible when the courts have such power. If the commissioner 
of education goes beyond his powers in the matter, then the courts can of course 
step in and limit him to his powers under the law. 

2 See Arts. 5 and 9. 

^ An assistant superintendent occupies a peculiarly expert and somewhat 
confidential relation, and his tenure of the position must not be allowed to stand 
in the way of efficient school supervision and control. 



176 Educational Reorganization 

Article 35. Pay of Teachers 

Sec. 20$. A merit basis. — Each county and city board of 
education shall work out and apply, within two years after 
this Code goes into effect, a plan under which the salary of 
teachers and principals in their employ shall be based on 
merit,^ and in doing so shall take into consideration such 
items as training, kind and grade of certificate held, success- 
grade, length of service, and kind and grade of position. The 
commissioner of education shall also study the matter, with 
a view to advising districts as to the best plans for working 
out such merit schedules, and the state board of education 
as to any needed rules and regulations or general legislation 
on the subject. Any county or city school-district, desiring 
to do so, may pay any or all persons engaged in their educa- 
tional service on a twelve-month, instead of on a monthly 
basis. 

Article 36. Pensions 

Sec. 206. Plan to be provided. — The commissioner of 
education and the state board of education are hereby directed 
to study the question of pensioning teachers by the state, 
and, when they have devised some feasible plan, to report on 
the same, in the form of a law or laws, to the general assembly 
of this state. The plan should provide for retiring pensions 
for teachers, principals, supervisors, superintendents, and 
such other educational employees as it may be deemed wise 
to include.^ The state board of education shall also report 

1 The payment of all alike, for the same grade of service, with distinctions 
based only on the number of years of service, was felt by all the commission to 
be fundamentally unsound. 

2 This plan provides now only for retirement pensions, and not for disability 
pensions before the retiring age has been reached. It was felt by all that two 
separate matters are involved in considering the two, and that the retirement 
pensions should be worked out first. The other can be added by subsequent 
legislation. 



Revised School Code 177 

some feasible plan for absorbing, the local city-pension sys- 
tems, now in existence in this state, into the state pensioning 
system.^ 

Sec. 207. Basis of the pensioning plan. — The pension 
plan to be so devised and reported shall be based on the fol- 
lowing principles : ^ — 

(i) Compulsory participation and contribution on the part 
of all who enter the service. 

(2) Retirement annuity earned by the contributions, plus 
an equal amount added by the state. 

(3) Withdrawal equity in case of death, or permanent 
withdrawal. 

1 But two cities in Osceola have such, and it was felt by all to be desirable 
that these should be gradually absorbed into the state system, so as not only to 
provide a uniform plan for the state, but also to make an interchange of teachers 
between communities easier. 

2 The contributive principle was felt to be the only desirable basis upon which 
the state should engage in the pensioning business. 



N 



CHAPTER XV. TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN 

SERVICE 

Article 37. Reading- circles 

Sec. 208. State reading-circle board. — The commissioner 
of education shall appoint a board of eight persons, which 
shall include two county superintendents of education, two 
city superintendents of education, two school principals, and 
two teachers, who, with himself, shall constitute a state teach- 
ers' reading-circle board.^ He shall classify the terms of 
these appointees so that the terms of two members shall ex- 
pire each year, and thereafter he shall appoint two new mem- 
bers each year, for two-year terms. He shall also fill any 
vacancies which may occur in the membership of this board, 
for the unexpired term. 

Sec. 209. Work of this board. — The state teachers' read- 
ing-circle board shall meet annually, at the call of the com- 
missioner, to adopt reading-circle books for the use of the 
teachers of the state for the ensuing year. All expenses in- 
curred in attending this meeting shall be audited and paid 
by the secretary of the state board of education. Five differ- 
ent kinds of reading-circle books shall be adopted, and two 
books of each kind, as follows : ^ — 

Two books intended for kindergarten and elementary-school 
teachers, in city school-systems. 

1 It was desired to make this representative, so as to' secure the best advice 
and assistance from all types of school workers. 

2 These five classes of teachers and supervisors are somewhat distinct, and it 
was desired to provide separate lines of required reading for each. Naturally 
principals and supervisory ofl&cers would also read the books selected for their 
teachers. 

17S 



Revised School Code 179 

Two books intended for elementary-school teachers, in 
rural and village schools. 

Two books intended for teachers in secondary schools. 

Two books intended for principals and other supervisory 
officers. 

Two books intended for teachers of vocational subjects. 

Sec. 210. Contracts for books. — All pubHshers desiring 
to have books adopted for use in the reading-circles of the 
state shall submit a sufficient number of copies to provide 
each member of the reading- circle board with a copy of each 
book, and shall file with the commissioner of education an 
offer, in writing, naming the price and the conditions under 
which they will agree to contract to furnish such book or books 
for use in the reading-circles of this state. The last date for 
submission of books for the year shall be fixed by the com- 
missioner of education, and, after there has been a sufficient 
time to examine the books submitted, he shall call a meeting 
of the reading-circle board for the adoption of reading-circle 
books for the ensuing year. After adoption, the secretary 
of the state board of education shall sign contracts with the 
publishers for furnishing such books. Teachers in private 
and parochial schools may purchase any book adopted on 
the same terms as public-school teachers.^ 

Sec. 211. State syllabus to be issued. — For each book so 
adopted the state department of education shall prepare and 
issue a brief syllabus, to aid in the study of the same, with 
questions for discussion, based on the same, and shall dis- 
tribute a sufficient number of copies of such to each county 
and city school-district in the state to meet all needs. ^ Teach- 
ers in private and parochial schools shall also be suppHed with 
such syllabi, free of charge, upon request. 

^ It was desired to encourage such to do the same work and become as much 
like the public-school teachers as possible. 

2 It was felt that the issuance of such syllabi would do much to give point 
and purpose to the study of the books. 



i8o Educational Reorganization 

Sec. 212. Books to be studied. — The reading-circle books 
so adopted are to be studied by the teachers and supervisors 
for whom they are intended, and the books are to be considered 
and discussed in the teachers' meetings and local institutes ^ 
provided for in Art. 38 of this Code. The conductor of each 
teachers' meeting or local institute shall report to the county 
superintendent of education each year, by or before the date 
set for the annual state reading-circle examination, his grade 
for each teacher under his charge, based on such teacher's 
interest and participation in the reading-circle work. This 
grade shall be known as the " reading-circle- work grade." 

Sec. 213. Reading-circle examination. — Once each year, 
at a time to be designated by the commissioner of education, 
a written examination shall be held throughout the state, 
using uniform questions prepared by the state department of 
education, and based on the reading-circle books for the year. 
Every teacher and supervisory officer, except such as are 
exempted by Sec. 216 of this Code, will be expected to pass an 
examination on the two books adopted for the class to which 
such person belongs. The commissioner of education shall 
issue rules and regulations governing these examinations. 
The answer papers shall be graded under the direction of the 
county or city superintendent of education for the district 
concerned, and the grade made on this examination shall be 
known as the " reading-circle-examination grade." 

Sec. 214. Success-grade on reading-circle work. — In 
compiling the teacher's success-grade on reading-circle work, 
as provided for by Sec. 167 of this Code, the " reading-circle- 
work grade " and the ^^ reading-circle-examination grade " 
shall be added together and averaged, and the average of the 
two shall be the teacher's grade on reading-circle work on the 
yearly success-card. A maximum of 25 per cent for the 

^ If books are selected which are well adapted to the different classes of 
teachers, such meetings would be a natural place for their study and discussion. 



Revised School Code i8i 

reading- circle work shall be allowed in estimating the 
teacher's yearly success-grade.-^ 

Sec. 215. Validation of certificates for teaching. — In the 
vaKdation of certificates and diplomas for teaching, as re- 
quired each year by Sec. 166 of this Code, the card showing 
the holder's success-grade for the preceding year must be 
consulted, and, excepting only excepted classes provided for 
by Sec. 216 of this Code, no certificate shall be vaHdated for 
teaching where the success-card does not show some grade 
for the reading-circle work of the preceding year.^ 

Sec. 216. Exemptions from reading-circle work. — The 
following classes are exempted from the provisions of this 
article, with reference to reading-circle work : — 

(i) City superintendents of schools, and deputy city super- 
intendents. 

(2) County superintendents of schools, and deputy county 
superintendents.^ 

(3) New teachers in the state. 

(4) Teachers who have been absent from work the preced- 
ing year, for travel or study. 

(5) Such other classes of teachers as the state commissioner 
of education, by general rule, may direct.* 

1 The other 75 per cent to be based on actual instruction, professional in- 
terest and activity, and success in management and discipline. To give a 
maximum of 25 per cent for reading-circle work is large rather than small, and 
ought to stimulate professional interest in the reading-circle work. 

2 The grade may be on the monthly work only, or on the examination only, 
but one or the other should appear. Some grade can be taken to mean any 
low grade, but the fact that a low grade might interfere with the renewal of 
the certificate (see Art. 34) will tend to make teachers try to secure a maximum 
grade on the reading-circle work. 

3 Such will have to conduct the discussion during the year and the examina- 
tions at the close of the year, and may be assumed to do the work, without being 
tested thereon. 

* Such as teachers of plumbing or printing in a trade school, or of illustrating 
or salesmanship in an evening school of secondary grade. 



1 82 Educational Reorganization 

Article 38. Teachers' Institutes 

Sec. 217. Local teachers' meetings and institutes. — 

Each county superintendent of education shall arrange for 
the holding of monthly teachers' meetings, or institutes, at 
times to be designated by himself. For this purpose the 
county superintendent may district his county, as he sees 
fit, for the holding of such local meetings or institutes, and 
shall appoint leaders for the groups, or he may group his 
teachers as to kind or grade of work, and hold separate in- 
stitutes for each kind or grade. ^ At such meetings or insti- 
tutes the reading-circle work, the courses of instruction, and 
the peculiar work and needs of the county school-district 
shall be considered.^ Afternoon or evening sessions, for the 
general public as well as for teachers, may also be included. 
Each city superintendent of education shall, similarly, hold 
such local grade or teachers' meetings or institutes as he may 
see fit, for the consideration of the reading-circle work, the 
courses of instruction, and the peculiar work and needs of 
the city school-district. Teachers, principals, and super- 
visors will be expected to attend the meetings or institutes 
of their kind or grade, as directed by the county or city super- 
intendent. For meetings held on Saturdays, with full-day 
sessions, an extra day's pay shall be allowed each teacher, 
principal, or supervisor in attendance. 

Sec. 218. Annual county and city institutes. — Each county 
superintendent of education shall also hold an annual county 

^ The purpose is to make the county somewhat like the city, in that grade 
meetings, meetings of second-class subdistrict teachers, meetings of school 
principals, or of teachers of agriculture or domestic science can be brought to- 
gether as needed, and also that a series of local institutes for all teachers (the 
county being divided into districts for the purpose) may be held as often as 
need be, — probably one Saturday in each school month. 

2 The purpose is to make these meetings constructive and helpful, and to 
get away from the lecture and amusement features of the old week-long county 
teachers' institute. 



Revised School Code 183 

teachers' institute of all teachers in the county, for from three 
to ten days, the same to be held near the beginning of the 
school year, and either before or after the date of opening.^ 
Superintendents of education in cities of the first class may 
hold such institute separate, in whole or in part, from the 
county institute.^ For the expenses of conducting this in- 
stitute, each county or city board of education shall set aside 
such a sum as may be necessary properly to conduct the 
institute. Each regularly employed teacher, excepting those 
exempted by Sec. 220, will be expected to attend such 
institute, days of attendance at such being paid for as extra 
days, and at the regular rate of pay for each person attending. 

Sec. 219. State department of education to assist. — 
The commissioner of education, the heads of divisions, and 
assistants in the state department of education shall render 
such assistance to county and city superintendents of educa- 
tion, in planning and conducting their institutes, as may be 
desired and as may be practicable. 

Sec. 220. State district institutes. — To secure more ef- 
fective and better-graded institute work, the commissioner 
of education may call special district institutes each year, the 
districts to be formed by grouping two or more counties, or 
cities, or cities and counties, and calKng such district insti- 
tutes for such special classes of teachers or supervisors within 
such district, regular elementary-school teachers excepted, 
as he may designate, and for the consideration of problems 
closely related to the special kind of work in which such teach- 
ers or supervisors are engaged.^ On notification, all teachers 

* Probably the best time for this is just before or shortly after the opening of 
the schools in the county. 

2 The cities of the first class, with largely different type problems, may thus 
segregate themselves to secure better results. 

2 These district institutes ought in time to be made quite a feature of the 
work in this state, and they may in a short time render the county institute 
rather unnecessary, except for elementary-school teachers. District institutes 



184 Educational Reorganization 

or supervisory officers of the class called will be expected to 
attend such district-institute. Each day of attendance at 
such district-institutes shall be paid for, as provided for in 
Sec. 218, and county or city superintendents of education may, 
at their option, excuse those who have attended such district- 
institutes from attendance at the regular annual county or city 
teachers' institute.-^ 

of secondary-school teachers could be held in four or five places in the state ; 
kindergarten teachers in three or four ; school principals for elementary schools 
in four or five places ; high-school principals in one place ; teachers of deaf and 
dumb in one ; etc. 

1 This is a step in the direction mentioned in the preceding footnote. If all 
secondary-school teachers attend a state district-institute, and the local insti- 
tutes during the year, they could be excused from the annual county institute 
in the fall. It was deemed wise to leave optional with the superintendent the 
matter of relieving all such persons from such attendance at the annual county 
institute. 



TITLE VI. THE OVERSIGHT OF THE STATE 

CHAPTER XVI. STATE OVERSIGHT AND 

CONTROL 

Article 39. The School Census 

Sec. 221. New census to be taken. — Each county and 
each city board of education shall provide for the taking, in 
the month of June, 191 5, of a detailed census^ of all chil- 
dren within their respective school districts over five and 
under eighteen years of age. The census required for May, 
1914, under the old school law, is to be omitted. Each such 
census shall be taken under the general direction of the at- 
tendance-ofhcer for the county or city school-district, and shall 
include the following data, for each child in the school dis- 
trict : ^ — 

(a) Name of child (surname first). 

(h) Sex of child. 

(c) Month, day, and year of birth, from which the number 
of years old, at last birthday, is also to be set down. The 
authority upon which the age is taken (word of parent; 

1 The census in the past has been taken in May of each year, has asked for 
only the total number of children in each district between four and twenty 
years of age, and has been of no value except for the purpose of apportioning 
state funds. Now that a better basis has been substituted for making appor- 
tionments, there is no further need for the old type of census. 

2 The new school census is for the purpose of enforcing the compulsory edu- 
cation laws, and hence asks for detailed information as to children by years of 
age, and for each child. The first census is not to be taken for a year, as it was 
felt necessary to provide time in which to learn how to work the new plan, and 
to devise final forms for use. The census of 191 5 then becomes the basis for 
the continuing census, provided for in this article. 

185 



1 86 Educational Reorganization 

birth certificate ; baptismal certificate ; passport ; etc.) shall 
also be set down.^ 

(d) Country of birth. 

[e) Name of parent (father or mother), guardian, or other 
person standing in parental relation. 

(/") Abode, including school-attendance district, postoffice 
address, and, if in cities, street and number. 

{g) Physical condition (good; deaf; dumb; bHnd; 
crippled). 

(/j) Mental condition (good ; otherwise). 

(i) School attending (public ; private; parochial). 

(y) Position in school (grade). 

(^) Reason, if not attending school. 

(/) If employed, where and how. 

(jri) Vaccination certificate record.^ 
All such records shall be made and kept on the duplicate 
card system, and according to such forms as the commissioner 
of education shall prescribe. One set of cards, of one color, 
shall be for the use of the attendance department ; the other 
set of cards, of a different color, shall be for the use of the 
school which the child attends.^ 

Sec. 222. Tabulation of results. — The required data 
shall be collected as rapidly as possible and for this purpose 
the attendance-officer may employ such extra assistance as 
the board of education may approve. All such data shall 
be sorted and tabulated by schools or attendance-districts, 
and the records of actual school attendance at each public, 

* The basis for age here noted is to avoid in part later requests for such in- 
formation for age-certificates and working-permits. 

2 It will naturally require some little work to take such a census for the first 
time, but afterwards the continuing census plan wiU be relatively easy to keep 
up, and relatively inexpensive. 

^ The card system is the only really useful form, as it is then easy to shift 
cards from box to box and from school to school, so as to keep the records ac- 
curate at all times. 



Revised School Code 187 

private, or parochial school shall be checked up with the 
records of the census. In the annual printed reports, required 
of all county and city school-districts, a summary of the results 
of any regular census taken, or of the continuing census pro- 
vided for in Sec. 223 of this Code, shall be published in 
such form as will show the number of children for each year- 
age belonging to each school or attendance-district ; the num- 
bers for each year-age attending each pubHc, private, or pa- 
rochial school in the school-district ; and the numbers for each 
year-age not attending any school.^ 

Sec. 223. A continuing census. — Following the census of 
June, 191 5, each board of education and attendance-officer 
shall provide thereafter for maintaining a permanent and a 
continuing school census, and of such a form that there shall, 
at all times, be in the possession of each public school and 
each county or city attendance-officer as complete a card list 
as is possible of all the children, within the age hmits set by 
Sec. 221, residing within the attendance limits of such 
school or school district. When any child attends a private 
or parochial school instead of a public school, such fact shall 
be noted on the school and office sets of cards, and such pri- 
vate or parochial school shall be supphed at once, free of 
charge, with a duplicate card covering all data for such 
child.2 

Sec. 224. Maintaining the continuing census. — After the 
taking of the school census of June, 191 5, it shall be the 

^ This will display a good exhibit of both possible pupils and school attend- 
ance, by school districts and by types of schools, and will have some meaning. 
The old plan of stating that there were 261 children, four to twenty years of age, in 
a town school-district, and 115 in the (elementary) school, or 16,241 children in 
a city school-district and 8,946 in all the schools, were almost meaningless 
items. 

2 Perhaps a third color of card may be required here. It is the intent that 
all private and parochial schools shall have complete census-records for all of 
their pupils, and shall cooperate with and be cooperated with for census and 
attendance, on the same basis as other schools. 



1 88 Educational Reorganization 

duty of every parent, guardian, or other person standing in 
parental relation to any child over five or under eighteen 
years of age, to notify the teacher of such child, or the attend- 
ance-ojSicer of the school district, and within seven days 
thereafter, of any change of address of each such child within 
the district, and, if the change is to another school district, 
to notify the teacher or attendance-officer of both the district 
left and the one entered as to such changes in address.^ For 
each failure to give such notice a fine of $5.00 may be imposed. 
Whenever a pupil, within the census-age limits, is transferred 
from one public school to another within the same school- 
district, or to another school-district in this state, or from a 
public to a private or parochial school, or mce versa, he or she 
shall be given a duplicate census card, to be presented along 
with his transfer card or other school record. All new children 
entering any public, private, or parochial school, who present 
no school-census records, shall have cards made out for them, 
one copy to be retained by the school and one to be forwarded 
to the office of the school attendance-officer for the school- 
district. A new partial or complete census may be taken for 
any school-attendance district or districts, or for the school- 
district as a whole, whenever in the judgment of the attend- 
ance-officer and the superintendent of education there is need 
for such a recount.^ 

Sec. 225. Teachers and schools must cooperate. — All 
school teachers, principals, and supervising officers shall 
cooperate with the attendance-officer of the district in keeping 

^ This may be a little difi&cult to enforce at first, as the provision is new, but 
with time it was felt that it would be accepted, and not cause serious difficulty. 
Sec, 226 makes still further provision for keeping track of families in the larger 
cities. This will provide for all except new children who are growing up. 

2 This may be necessary, from time to time, in dijEferent attendance districts. 
In a rapidly changing foreign quarter in a few of our cities it may be necessary 
each year ; in many of our smaller cities it will not be necessary of tener than 
once in four or five years. 



Revised School Code 189 

the card-census accurate, and shall report new famiHes in 
the district or children in the school, and also all withdrawals 
from the school.^ Any pubHc-school teacher or principal 
failing or refusing to comply with the provisions of this sec- 
tion shall be reported to the superintendent of education as 
negligent, and any private or parochial school authority fail- 
ing or refusing to comply shall, on conviction, be fined $5.00 
for the first offense, and $10.00 for each subsequent offense.^ 
City poKce officers shall also cooperate with the attendance- 
officer, by notifying him of changes in addresses, and of new 
persons within the district. Each board of education shall 
supply the attendance-officer with sufficient clerical assistance 
to enable him to keep his records accurate. 

Sec. 226. Census board in cities of the first class. — In 
all city school-districts of the first class the board of education 
shall, and in other city school- districts the board may by vote 
constitute itself a school-census board, and as such shall have 
power to make rules and regulations for the better carrying 
into effect of the provisions of this article, and its authority 
in such matters shall cover the whole school district. Such 
board, in addition to making rules and regulations for the 
betterment of the census work, shall also have power to require 
the cooperation of the police in any way thought to be desir- 
able, and tending to perfect the census ; to license moving and 
express wagons, and to require them to report all families 
moved ; to require landlords to report all changes in tenants ; 
and to provide for the imposition of fines for failure to comply 
with such regulations.^ 

^ Such a system of reporting will enable the attendance-officer to locate new 
children, and will serve as a check on the reports of the heads of families. 

2 It was felt that these penalties were necessary to insure active cooperation 
on the part of all. 

^ It is in the larger cities that the greatest difficulty is experienced in keeping 
the school-census accurate, and the creation of such a board was to insure a 
better compliance with the provisions of the school-census law. 



190 Educational Reorganization 



Article 40. Compulsory Education 

Sec. 227. Age limits and exemptions. — All children in this 
state, who are eight years of age or over and under sixteen 
years of age, shall be required to attend a public school for 
the full term for which the public schools of the district in 
which the child resides are in session ; provided, that any child 
who shall become eight years of age within two months of the 
time set for the beginning of a school term shall be expected 
to begin school at the beginning of such term ; and provided, 
further, that the following classes of children may be exempted 
from the requirements of this section : — 

{a) Children who are physically or mentally incapacitated 
for attendance at any of the schools provided by the school 
district. In all such cases a certificate to this effect by a 
competent physician, stating the cause of such disability, 
shall be filed. 

{h) Children who are blind, deaf, dumb, or feebleminded, 
for the instruction of whom no adequate provision has been 
made by the school district, and who are not of institutional 
age or character. 

{c) Children under nine years of age, who reside more than 
two miles, and children over nine who reside more than three 
miles, by the nearest traveled road, from a school, and for 
whom transportation has not been provided.^ 

{d) Children over fourteen and under sixteen years of age, 
who have completed the eighth school grade, and, after 191 6, 
the ninth school grade, or the equivalent of such in a non- 
state school.^ 

* There are a number of such now in this state, but with the county reorgan- 
ization provided for by Art. 6, and the provisions for transportation, there 
should, in a few years, be very few such. 

2 It is contemplated that, in a few years, intermediate schools, vocational 
schools, industrial schools, and the rural and village consolidated schools will 



Revised School Code 191 

(e) Children over fourteen years of age who have completed 
the eighth school grade, or who have spent 'eight years in 
school and have completed at least the sixth school grade/ 
and upon whose labor the attendance-ofhcer is convinced 
that an aged or infirm parent, or other person standing in 
parental relation, is dependent for support, and whom the 
attendance-officer is also convinced is strong enough to engage 
in the form of labor for which a working-permit is re- 
quested. 

(/") Children who are being properly instructed by a private 
tutor, or at home by a competent person, in such subjects 
of instruction as are taught in the pubHc schools to pupils 
of such age and advancement, and who from time to time 
satisfy the principal of the pubHc school of their attendance 
district, or the superintendent of education, that satisfactory 
progress is being made. 

{g) Children temporarily prevented from attendance by 
reason of quarantine, sickness, an unusual storm which has 
destroyed roads or bridges or made the regular means of 
travel dangerous, or other unusual causes, acceptable to the 
school authorities. 

Occasional absences from such attendance, not exceeding 
one school day per month, and not covered by any of the fore- 
going exemptions, may be allowed, upon satisfactory excuse, 
by the school authorities. 

All children excused from attendance under any of the 
exemptions of this section must present proper evidence for 
such excuse, in person or through a parent or other person 
standing in parental relation, to the attendance-officer for 
the school-district, or to a principal or teacher of a public 
school within the school-district, so that the same m^ay be 

provide a ninth year quite generally. For children leaving the schools with 
the ninth grade, this last year should be strongly vocational. 
1 This provides for repeaters in the grades. 



192 Educational Reorganizatio7t 

properly approved by the attendance-officer and entered on 
the records of both the school and the attendance-officer.^ 

Sec. 228. Attendance at other than public schools. — 
Any child within the compulsory school ages may comply 
with the provisions of the preceding section by attending a 
private or a parochial school, instead of a public school, pro- 
vided the same has been approved for such attendance, as 
provided for by Sec. 252 of this Code, and provided such 
school continues to cooperate with the public-school authori- 
ties in all matters relating to census records and attendance. 
Attendance at such schools shall be for a term each year at 
least as long as that of the pubHc schools of the district ; for 
at least as many hours each day as are required of children 
of like age at public schools; and with no greater amount 
of holidays or vacations deducted from such attendance dur- 
ing the period such attendance is required than is allowed in 
the public schools to children of like age. Occasional absences 
from such attendance, not amounting to irregular attendance 
in the fair meaning of the term, shall be allowed upon such 
excuses as would be accepted by the public-school authorities 
in like cases, and under the general rules and practices of the 
schools of the district. 

Sec. 229. Duty of person in parental relation. — Every 
parent or person in parental relation to a child within the 
compulsory school ages, and not properly excused from at- 
tendance at school for some one or more of the exemptions 
provided for by Sec. 227 of this Code, shall require such child 
to attend school regularly during the full time the public 
schools are in session, and, on conviction for failure to do so, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be Kable 
to a fine of from $1.00 to $10, or imprisonment of not more 

^ This requires a proving-up as a basis for any exemption. It is not intended 
that this should be made difficult of accomplishment, but proper records require 
it. 



Revised School Code 193 

than five days in jail for the first offense, and not less than 
$10 nor more than $25, and not less than five nor more than 
ten days in jail, or both, for each subsequent offense ; pro- 
vided, however, that if any person in parental relation to any 
child within the compulsory school ages shall present proof, 
by affidavit, that he or she is unable to compel such child 
to attend school, said person in parental relation shall be 
exempt from the above penalties as regards the subsequent 
non-attendance of such child, and such child may then be 
deemed an habitual truant, and subject to commitment to a 
parental-home school, as provided for by Sec. 236 of this Code. 

Any person who induces or attempts to induce a child of 
the compulsory school age to absent himself unlawfully from 
school, or who employs or harbors a child while school is in 
session, shall be liable to similar fines. 

Sec. 230. All schools to report. — At the beginning of 
each school term each pubHc school must check up its census 
cards and report to the office of the school attendance-officer 
all pupils of the compulsory-attendance ages, supposedly be- 
longing to its attendance district, and not in attendance at 
the school, as well as all new pupils not previously in attend- 
ance.^ As soon as possible thereafter the school attendance- 
officer shall investigate each case of absence, and shall notify 
the school if the pupil is in attendance at any other school, 
pubHc, private, or parochial, and each shall perfect the census 
records accordingly, as required by Art. 39 of this Code. 
Thereafter, each school shall report at once to the school 
attendance-officer for the district any unexplained absence on 
the part of any pupil, and any new pupils entering or old 
pupils withdrawing from the school, and all cases of unex- 
plained absence shall be investigated at once, and the reasons 

^ This aims to make the school-census records of some real use to each school, 
whereas heretofore they have been of no value. This section also imposes the 
duty on each school principal of putting them to use. 
o 



194 Educational Reorganization 

therefor reported back to the school reporting the absence. 
Teachers or principals f aihng or refusing to make proper 
reports shall be reported as negligent to the superintendent of 
education, by the attendance ofhcer. 

Sec. 231. Private and parochial schools to cooperate. — 
All private and parochial schools, approved for the attendance 
of pupils within the compulsory-attendance ages, must likewise 
cooperate fully with the public school authorities in the matter 
of census records and the enforcement of the compulsory edu- 
cation law, reporting promptly full lists of all pupils in attend- 
ance, and pupils entering and leaving, to the ofhce of the 
school attendance-ofhcer, as a condition of continuing to be 
approved for school attendance of children of the compulsory- 
attendance ages.^ To this end the school attendance-officer 
for the public-school district shall also act, without any extra 
pay, and in the same manner as for the public schools, and as 
fully and freely, as the school attendance-officer for each 
private and parochial school within the school-district ; each 
teacher in each such school shall keep, in proper form, the 
regular public-school class-room register, as required by Sec. 
254 of this Code, and this shall be open for inspection at any 
time by the public school-attendance authorities; and each 
such school must also daily report, to the office of the school 
attendance-officer of the public-school district, all cases of 
unexcused absence, and according to the same rules and regu- 
lations as required for public schools. Any private or paro- 
chial school failing or refusing to comply with the provisions 
of this section shall be fined $5.00 for the first offense, and 
$10 for each subsequent offense, and may also have its ap- 
proval for the attendance of children within the compulsory- 

1 This puts the private and the parochial schools on the same plane as 
public schools in the matter of school attendance, and also not only extends to 
them the public facilities for enforcing attendance, but further requires the 
acceptance of such. 



Revised School Code 195 

attendance ages revoked by the board of education for the 
district. 

Sec. 232. Attendance-officer to enforce. — The attendance- 
officer for the school district shall have full charge of the 
enforcement of the provisions of this article, and he shall im- 
mediately investigate, in person, through his deputies, or 
through principals, teachers, school nurses, or by such other 
means as may seem most feasible,^ all cases of unexcused 
absences from school, and all charges of failure to enforce at- 
tendance made against schools, or against persons in parental 
relations to children within the compulsory- attendance ages 
within his district. In case the provisions of this article have 
been violated by any school or person, and satisfactory assur- 
ances are not given for the future, he shall make and file in the 
proper court a criminal complaint against such school or per- 
son, charging such violation, and shall see that such charge 
is prosecuted by the proper authorities. He shall also have 
power to administer oaths, to make complaints, and to serve 
legal processes to enforce the provisions of this article. 

Sec. 233. Arrest of truants. — It shall be the duty of each 
attendance-officer, or his deputies, to arrest during school 
hours, and without warrant, any child within the compulsory- 
attendance ages, not previously exempted from attendance 
at a school, found away from his home, or who has been re- 
ported to him by the proper school authorities as absent with- 
out known excuse from the instruction he is lawfully required 
to attend. Any peace-officer or school-officer may, similarly, 
take such child into custody,^ and such child shall be dehvered 
forthwith either to the school from which he is then a truant, 
or to the person standing in parental relation to such a child ; 

^ The intent here is that the school attendance-ofl&cer shall use any feasible 
means for securing the results aimed at, and may cooperate with other branches 
of the school service or with charity organizations in securing information. 

2 This is a desirable cooperation. 



196 Educational Reorganization 

or, if such child has been declared to be a habitual truant or a 
habitual school-offender, he may be taken at once before 
the proper authorities for commitment by them to a parental- 
home school. All such arrests shall be reported promptly 
to the office of the school-attendance officer for the district, 
and entered on the records. 

Sec. 234. Definition of habitual truant and school-ofifender. 
— Any child within the compulsory school-ages shall be 
deemed a truant who shall have been absent from school, 
without a satisfactory excuse, for three school days, or tardy, 
without satisfactory excuse, more than four times during any 
school term, any absence for part of a day being regarded as a 
tardiness. The parent or person in parental relation to such 
child shall then be notified that the child, by reason of such 
unexcused absences or tardinesses, has become, in name, a 
truant from school. Any child who has once been reported 
as a truant and who is again absent from school, without satis- 
factory excuse, for one or more days, or tardy without satis- 
factory excuse, may be regarded as a habitual truant, and, un- 
less satisfactory assurances for the future are given, may 
then be brought before the proper authority for commitment 
to a parental-home school.^ 

A child within the compulsory-attendance ages may also 
be classed as a habitual truant, without the notices required 
above, who may be found wandering about in the streets or 
public places of any city or town, having no lawful occupa- 
tion, habitually not attending school, and growing up in 
ignorance and idleness, and may be taken into custody by 
any attendance-officer and brought before the proper authori- 
ties for commitment to a parental-home school.^ 

1 Perhaps this gives rather large leeway, but such was felt to be desirable 
by many members of the commission. This gives the school plenty of oppor- 
tunity to exercise its influence, before committing the child as a habitual truant. 

2 This class will perhaps be more common than the other class, and these the 
attendance-ofi&cer may take up at once. 



Revised School Code 197 

Any child within the compulsory-attendance ages who shall 
be insubordinate, disorderly, vicious, or immoral in conduct, 
or who persistently violates the reasonable rules and regula- 
tions of the school which he attends, or who otherwise per- 
sistently misbehaves therein, so as to render himself a fit 
subject for exclusion therefrom, may be deemed a habitual 
school-offender, and, unless placed on probation after a hear- 
ing before the superintendent of education, shall be committed 
to a parental-home school.^ 

Sec. 235. Parental-home schools. — Each city of the first 
class must maintain a parental-home school for the care of 
truants and school-offenders, and each city of the second class 
and each county school-district must also maintain such school, 
separately or in conjunction; though two or more city or 
county school-districts may unite in the maintenance of such 
a school, or either may contract with the other for the care 
of its habitual truants and habitual school-offenders in a 
parental-home school.^ If, within two years after the taking 
effect of this Revised School Code, any school district in this 
state shall not have made, or shall not be able to make, satis- 
factory arrangements for such parental-home-school faciH- 
ties, the commissioner of education shall then have power, 
after investigating the matter, to order the establishment 
of such a school by any school-district or districts, or to 
require a district having such a school to receive, on satisfac- 

1 The power to commit to the parental school is the new feature which will 
render hearings before the superintendent effective in all ordinary cases of mis- 
behavior. In the past there has been nothing to do but to expel habitual offen- 
ders, except in the three cities having parental-home schools. Probation now, 
with commitment to the parental-home school for failure to observe the condi- 
tions of the probation, will be far more effective. 

2 The purpose here is to insure that every school-district shall either maintain, 
help to maintain, or make contracts with a school district maintaining a paren- 
tal-home school, to care for its children who are habitual truants or school- 
offenders. 



198 Educational Reorganization 

tory terms, the truant and offending pupils from another 
district.^ 

Such a school may be established separately, or a room or 
rooms for such may be set aside in a public-school building. 
Such schools shall be of elementary-school grade, or elemen- 
tary- and intermediate-school grades combined, and the in- 
struction therein shall be partly vocational. Such schools 
shall be maintained for the instruction and reformation of 
truant and offending children, but no pupil shall be committed 
to or required to attend such a school except as provided for 
by the provisions of this article. Each school shall be taught 
by teachers holding regular teachers' certificates of the re- 
quired grade, and boards of education may make rules and 
regulations, not inconsistent with law or the rules and regu- 
lations of the state board of education, for the detention, main- 
tenance, and instruction of pupils in such schools, and may 
also require parents, who are able to do so, to contribute to 
the cost of maintaining in such schools the children to whom 
they stand in parental relation, but not including the cost of 
instruction.^ 

Sec. 236. Commitment to a parental-home school. — 
Any child who has become a habitual truant, as defined by 
Sec. 234 of this Code, or any child complained against as a 
habitual school-offender, may be brought before the county 
or city superintendent of education for the district concerned, 
or an assistant superintendent designated by him for the pur- 
pose, for a hearing. The parent or person standing in parental 
relation to the child shall be given reasonable notice as to the 

^ This is to prevent the stranding of districts which hardly need a school of 
their own. The best arrangement, in most cases, will be the maintenance of 
one parental school for the whole county, and located outside of the central 
city, but toward the support of which all school-districts in the county contribute. 

2 That is, if the parent is able, he may be made to pay the cost of board and 
lodging at such a school as a contribution to the cost of his own failure to control 
his child. 



Revised School Code 199 

time of such hearing. If convinced of the wisdom of com- 
mitting such child to the parental-home school, and if the 
parent or person standing in parental relation to such child 
consents, the superintendent of education or assistant super- 
intendent of education before whom the hearing is held may 
then issue an order for such child to be committed to the 
parental-home school for such a period, definite or indefinite, 
as may be determined upon. The purpose of such commit- 
ment being the reformation of the child, the superintendent 
of education may, at any time thereafter, parole such pupil 
and allow him or her to return to the regular school class, on 
condition of good behavior for the remainder of the school 
year. Should the child fail to observe the conditions of the 
parole, he or she may be ordered returned to the parental- 
home school.-^ 

Should the parent or the person standing in parental rela- 
tion be unwilling to consent to the commitment, the superin- 
tendent may then order the case taken before the judge of 
the juvenile court, if there be such, or before a justice of the 
peace or a county judge, who shall immediately give hearing 
to the case. If convinced, upon the hearing of the complaint, 
that the charge is sustained, the court shall render judgment 
committing the child to the parental-home school for such 
time, not exceeding the remainder of the current school year, 
as the court may subsequently determine, acting on the recom- 
mendation of the principal of the parental-home school and 
the superintendent of education.^ 

If, within three days, the parent or person standing in 
parental relation shall execute a satisfactory bond in the sum 

1 This makes the hearing of the case an educational matter, in the first in- 
stance, and insures a careful and considerate handling of the case, and with- 
out imnecessary publicity. The superintendent of schools becomes the judge, 
with power to put on probation, sentence, and parole. 

2 This gives a legal form of commitment for objecting parents, but leaves 
the parole in the hands of the school authorities. 



200 Educational Reorganization 

of $250, with sufficient securities, conditioned that such child 
will, during the remainder of the current school year, regu- 
larly attend school and not be insubordinate or disorderly, 
the court, on approving the bond, may order the same filed 
with the secretary of the board of education, and may parole 
the pupil. Should the pupil fail to keep the conditions of his 
parole, the bond shall then be declared forfeited, the child may 
again be committed to the parental-home school, and the board 
of education may, at any time within one year, have execution 
issued against the sureties to collect the amount of the bond. 

AH such hearings shall be conducted as expeditiously, 
quietly, and informally as may be, and without fees of any 
kind.^ The confinement of the child in the parental-home 
school shall be conducted with a view to the improvement 
of the child and his restoration, as soon as practicable, to the 
school which such child would, if not so confined, be required 
to attend. 

Sec. 237. Paroled children. — All children placed on 
their good behavior, under any of the provisions of this article, 
and all children paroled from attendance at the parental- 
home school, shall be under the general supervision of the 
school attendance-officer for the district, and may be required 
to report to him, from time to time. He shall also have charge 
of the administration of the poor-relief work, provided for 
by Sec. 238 of this Code ; and of the granting of the working- 
permits provided for in the next article of this Code. 

Sec. 238. Poor-relief for. — In case it is claimed that the 
earnings from labor of any child who has completed the work 
of the sixth school grade, and is under fourteen years of age,^ 

1 The hearing should be as simple and as private as may be, to save the child 
unnecessary humiliation and disgrace. No lawyer is needed, and none should 
be admitted to the hearing. 

2 Some of the commission desired also to include all children between four- 
teen and sixteen and who had not completed the eighth grade, but it was finally 
decided, for the present, to require only what is here stated. 



Revised School Code 201 

are needed for the support of an aged or infirm parent, or other 
person standing in parental relation to the child, and a work- 
ing-permit for such child is requested, the attendance-officer 
shall carefully investigate each such case, in person or through 
deputies, school-nurses, or special charity-organization inves- 
tigators. If he finds the case to be a true case of need, and 
no work suited to the strength and capacities of the child and 
within the provisions of Art. 41 of this Code can be found, 
by means of which the child may remain in school and earn 
the necessary amount, he shall then refuse the working-permit 
and direct the payment to the parent, or other person stand- 
ing in parental relation to the child, and who is actually de- 
pendent on the child's labor for support, such a weekly sum 
as he shall adjudge to be necessary for such support, though 
in no case to exceed the estimated weekly earnings of such 
child at permitted forms of labor, and for such a period of 
time as he may deem wise.^ All such payments shall be made, 
on his written order, from the county poor-reHef funds. He 
may also put such restrictions around the expenditure of such 
grants as he may deem wise ; shall require an itemized state- 
ment of expenditures ; and shall place the parent, or the per- 
son standing in parental relation to the child, and for whose 
benefit such grants are made, under the parole provisions of 
Sec. 237 of this Code.^ 

The school-attendance officer may also, after similar investi- 
gation, order shoes or clothing provided from the poor-relief 
funds for any child within the compulsory school- ages and 
for whom such provision, at public expense, is a necessity to 
enable such child to attend school. 

Sec. 239. Blind, deaf, and dumb children. — All blind 
children, and all children who are deaf or dumb or both, and 

1 The need of the parent is thus recognized, without the future citizen of the 
state being compelled to forego his birthright. 

2 This is a necessary precaution, to prevent pure grafting on the poor-relief 
funds. 



202 Educational Reorganization 

who have reached the age of twelve years, and for whose 
education no local school provision has been made, and who 
are not being educated privately or at home, shall be required 
to be sent, for blind children, to the State School for the 
Blind at Tioga Rapids, and for deaf and dumb children to 
the State School for the Deaf and Dumb, at Indian Creek. 
Provisions for their admission and maintenance shall be as 
provided for in the laws establishing and governing these 
institutions.-^ 

Article 41. Child Labor 

Sec. 240. When children must not work. — No child 
under sixteen years of age shall be permitted to work in, about, 
or in connection with any office, mercantile establishment, 
factory, workshop, manufacturing or mechanical establish- 
ment, dock, laundry, garage, place of recreation or amusement, 
club, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, in the selling of 
newspapers or magazines, or in the distribution or transmis- 
sion of merchandise or messages ; ^ provided, however, that 
children over fourteen and under sixteen years of age may 
be permitted to work in offices and mercantile establishments 
on Saturdays and during school vacations, between the hours 
of 8 A.M. and 6 p.m., or to distribute or sell papers or maga- 
zines after school hours, on the filing of the age certificates 
provided for by Sec. 241 of this Code ; and provided, further, 
that children over fourteen and under sixteen years of age, 
who have completed the eighth school grade, or who have 
spent eight years in school and have completed at least the 
sixth school grade, and upon whose labor the attendance- 

^ These institutions are provided for elsewhere in the laws of Osceola. This 
section merely incorporates into the school law a provision for the compulsory 
education of such children. 

2 It was the intention here to eliminate small boys entirely from the news- 
paper and messenger business. There is no call for such a waste of child life, 
and no business need for it. This limits such service to children over fourteen, 
and to after-school hours and on Saturdays. 



Revised School Code 203 

officer for the district is convinced that an aged or infirm 
parent, or other person standing in parental relation to such 
child, is dependent for support, may be granted working-per- 
mits which will enable them to work, during school time, at 
such forms of work above mentioned as the attendance-officer 
shall adjudge the child strong enough and to be capable of 
performing; and provided, still further, that children over 
fourteen and under sixteen years of age, who have completed 
the eighth school grade, and, after 1916, the ninth school 
grade, may similarly be given permits for any form of work 
which the attendance-officer may adjudge them strong enough 
to be capable of performing.^ 

Sec. 241. Age-certificates and working-permits. — All 
age-certificates and working-permits shall be issued from the 
office of the school attendance-officer for the school-district, 
though he may authorize the principal of any pubKc school 
to issue age-certificates and working-permits, for the summer 
or other school vacations, to pupils who attend his school.^ 

Age-certificates shall be issued only on satisfactory evidence 
that the child is at least fourteen years old, and where there 
is a doubt, a birth or baptismal certificate should be required, 
if such can be obtained. If neither are obtainable, then an 
oath or affirmation may be accepted, or the school health- 
officer may be requested to examine the child and give his 
opinion as to his proper age. 

Working-permits shall be issued to those who meet the 
conditions for such issuance, as set forth in Sec. 240 of this 
Code, and shall not be issued for longer than six months at 
a time, and shall be revocable at any time, for reasons satis- 
factory to the attendance-officer issuing the same. 

1 This advances the working age from fourteen to sixteen years, for all except 
the three classes of exemptions here provided. 

2 Ordinarily this will be done under such general rules and regulations as 
may be provided for such issuance. 



204 Educational Reorganization 

The school attendance-officer also shall issue temporary 
permits under which a child under sixteen years of age may 
be permitted to participate in musical or dramatic perform- 
ances, other than school performances, at which an admis- 
sion fee is charged, if convinced that the environment of such 
performances is proper for a child of such age, that the condi- 
tions of such will not be detrimental to health, and that the 
child's education will not be neglected or hampered by such 
participation.^ 

Sec. 242. Papers required for working-permits. — Before 
issuing a working-permit the attendance-officer must receive, 
examine, approve, and file the following papers : — 

(i) The school record of the child, properly filled out and 
signed by the principal or teacher of the school last attended. 
This shall state the grade last completed and the studies 
pursued in completing the same, the number of weeks the 
child attended school during the last preceding school year, 
and the name and residence of both the child and the parent, 
or person in parental relation, as shown by the school-census 
records. 

(2) An age-certificate, issued as provided for in Sec. 241 
of this Code, and based on satisfactory evidence of actual 
age. 

(3) Satisfactory evidence that the parent, or other person 
standing in parental relation to the child, approves of the 
issuance of the working-permit. 

The attendance-officer may also require in any case, if he 
deems it desirable to do so, the following additional papers : ^ — 

(4) A certificate signed by the school health-officer, or the 
family physician, stating that the child has been thoroughly 

1 These are desirable exceptions. 

2 These additional papers will be needed in many cases in the cities, but it 
was thought to be desirable to leave their requirement optional with the at- 
tendance-officer. 



Revised School Code 205 

examined by said officer or physician, and, in his opinion, is 
in sufficiently sound health and physically able to perform 
the kind of work the child intends to do. 

(5) A written request for such working-permit from the 
prospective employer, setting forth the character of the em- 
ployment, the number of hours per day during which the 
child is to be regularly employed, and the name and address 
of the employer, together with a statement in which the 
employer agrees to employ the child in accordance with the 
provisions of this Act and the labor laws of this state, and also 
to return the working-permit to the office of the school at- 
tendance-officer when the child leaves his employ, or when 
the time for which the permit was issued expires. 

Sec. 243. Nature and use of working-permits. — Each 
working-permit shall be numbered, dated, and signed by the 
attendance-officer issuing it ; shall state on its face the kind 
or kinds of work, and the period of time for which the 
permit is issued ; the name, age, and residence of the child, 
and the name and address of the parent or person standing 
in parental relation to the child to whom the permit is issued ; 
the name of the school last attended by the child, and the 
last school grade completed; and the height, weight, color 
of eyes and hair, and the sex of the child. One copy of the 
permit shall be given to the child, and one copy shall be re- 
tained by the officer issuing it.^ At the expiration of the time 
for which the permit is issued, the employer must cease to 
employ the child, and must return the permit to the officer 
issuing it and the child must return to school, if the schools 
be in session, unless a new permit is issued or unless the child 
be exempted from further attendance on school by the pro- 
visions of Sec. 227 of this Code. 

Sec. 244. Employers must exhibit permits. — All employ- 
ers in any form of business mentioned in Sec. 240 of this Code, 
1 Very desirable, both for record and for comparison. 



2o6 Educational Reorganization 

having in their employ any child, or person to whom the pro- 
visions of this article may apply, shall post, in a conspicuous 
place in their place of employment, a list of all such, giving 
names, sex, ages, and number of working-permits, and shall 
retain the working-permits for such during the term of em- 
ployment, and these and the premises shall be open to the 
inspection of the school attendance-ofhcer or his representa- 
tives, as well as to any representative of the state department 
of labor. Failure to post and keep posted such Hsts, or to 
produce the working-permits on demand, shall be considered 
as prima jade evidence of a violation of the child-labor laws 
of this state, and shall subject the employer to a fine of $50 
in each case. 

Sec. 245. Illiterate minors. — All persons over sixteen 
and under eighteen years of age, who have not such ability 
to read, write, and spell in the English language as is required 
for the completion of the fourth school grade of the pubHc 
schools of the school district in which they reside, shall be 
known as illiterate minors ; ^ and no such person shall be 
employed in any form of employment mentioned in Sec. 240 
of this Code unless such person attends regularly a public 
evening school, or other evening school approved for school 
attendance, if such a school be maintained in the school dis- 
trict in which such person resides or works. 

Sec. 246. Penalty for not attending. — Every illiterate 
minor employed must regularly attend an evening school, 
if such be maintained by the school-district, or, if not employed, 
a day or evening school ; and every parent or other person 
in parental relation, having under his or her control an illit- 
erate minor, shall require him or her to attend regularly a 
day or evening school. For failure to so attend, a minor shall 
be liable to a fine of $5, and the parent, or person in parental 

^ But few of these will be located by the school census, as most of them will 
be new residents of foreign birth, and will need to be located in other ways. 



Revised School Code 207 

relation, shall be liable to a fine of $10, and each day may be 
considered as a separate offence; and whoever induces or 
attempts to induce such a minor to absent himself or herself 
unlawfully from a school which he or she should attend, or 
harbors or employs such while the school is in session, shall 
also be liable to a fine of $10 for each such offense.^ 

Article 42. General Control 

Sec. 247. State board to make regulations. — The state 
board of education may approve uniform rules and regula- 
tions, not inconsistent with law, for the more detailed ad- 
ministration of the provisions of this chapter.^ 

Sec. 248. Commissioner of education may remove at- 
tendance-officer. — The state commissioner of education may 
remove from office any county or city attendance-officer w^ho 
shall neglect or refuse to carry out the provisions of this 
article, and may appoint his successor. In case he deems that 
the board of education has not paid enough to secure efficient 
service, or has not made proper provision for the maintenance 
of the office, he may also direct that a larger expenditure be 
made by them for the service.^ 

Sec. 249. Disposition of fines. — All fines collected for 
any violation of the provisions of this chapter of this Code 

1 It was hoped that, by fining the minor, the parent, and the employer, all 
such illiterate minors would be brought into the evening schools, where such are 
provided. 

2 There are many details, omitted from this chapter, which it was felt that 
it would be better to let the state department suggest general rules and regu- 
lations for, the state board of education giving such the efifect of law by approving 
such, 

2 This was felt to be a wise precaution to insure compliance with the law. 
Otherwise a county or city which did not want the law enforced could appoint 
an attendance-ofi&cer who could be relied upon to do little. If such were to 
happen, the commissioner of education could remove him and appoint his suc- 
cessor. The power to direct better maintenance for the work is also the power 
to make the work effective. 



2o8 Educational Reorganization 

shall be paid in and placed to the credit of the school district 
in which the case originated.^ 

Article 43. Education of Defectives and 
Dependents 

Sec. 250. State and local provision for. — In addition to 
the provisions made in this Code for the education locally of 
the deaf, dumb, blind, crippled, feeble in mind, poor, or other 
special classes of children, the different state institutions for 
the education of defective and dependent children, provided 
for elsewhere in the laws of Osceola, and under separate 
control, are hereby, in part, incorporated into the system of 
pubHc instruction of this state, and to the extent that the edu- 
cational departments of all such institutions, namely, the 
following : — 

1. The State School for the Blind, at Tioga Rapids; 

2. The State School for the Deaf and Dumb, at Indian 
Creek ; 

3. The State Industrial School for Girls, at Wichita Falls; 

4. The State Industrial School for Boys, at Oneida ; 

5. The State Orphan Home, at Lone Butte; and 

6. The Penitentiary for First Offenders, at Natomas ; 
shall be and hereby are placed under the general supervision 
of the state department of education, with power vested in 
such department to supervise the instruction therein, to sug- 
gest changes in the discipline and management of the pupils, 
and to suggest legislation needed to make the educational 
work in such more effective.^ 

1 This is an incentive to local enforcement of the laws relating to census, com- 
pulsory education, and child labor. 

2 This opens the way for making the educational work in such institutions 
really educational. 



CHAPTER XVII. THE STATE AND NON-STATE 

EFFORT 

Article 44. Private and Parochial Schools 

Sec. 251. Public education not exclusive. — While the 
schools and educational institutions supported by the public 
shall be open, free of charge, to all properly quaHfied persons, 
they shall not constitute an exclusive educational system. 
On the contrary, both private and parochial educational 
effort shall be permitted and encouraged, so long as the 
standards maintained by the state are not lowered thereby. 
Any parent or other person in parental relation to a child 
may choose the school, — pubHc, private, or parochial, — 
to which he desires to send the child, and, so long as such 
school meets the standards set by the state, as set forth in 
Sec. 252 of this Code, attendance at such shall be considered 
as complying with the compulsory education laws of this 
state,^ as stated in Art. 40 of this Code. 

Sec. 252. Approval of schools for attendance. — Any 
private or parochial school in this state, offering instruction 
to pupils within the compulsory-attendance ages, may be 
approved, by the board of education of the district in which 
it is located, for the attendance of pupils thereat in satisfac- 
tion of the requirements of Art. 40 of this Code relating 
to compulsory education, if : — 

(a) The reports required by Sec. 254 of this Code have 
been made and the records required by the same section are 
properly kept ; 

^ If the school is as good there is no reason why attendance at such should 
not be taken as equivalent. 

p 209 



2IO Educational Reorganization 

(b) The statutory school subjects are taught therein ; 

(c) The school is taught in the English language, not in- 
cluding instruction in a modern or ancient language given as 
a subject of study ; 

(d) The term is at least as long as that of the public schools 
of the same grade in the same school-district ; and 

(e) The superintendent of education for the county or 
city school-district in which such school is located certifies 
that he has examined the school, or has had the state depart- 
ment of education do so for him, and is satisfied that the 
instruction in such equals in thoroughness and efficiency, 
though not necessarily the same in kind or amounts, the in- 
struction in the public schools of the same grade in the county 
or city school-district in which such school is located; but 
no approval shall be made or refused on the basis of any reh- 
gious teaching offered therein.^ Schools once approved for 
school attendance under the provisions of this section may 
later be disapproved, for failure to comply with the law relat- 
ing thereto. 

Sec. 253. Appeal from decision. — If any county or city 
superintendent of education, on his own examination, refuses 
to approve any private or parochial school for the purposes 
of attendance thereat, and the authorities of such school 
shall not be satisfied with the decision, they may appeal to 
the state commissioner of education, who shall then cause an 
examination to be made, and the decision of the state depart- 
ment of education in the matter shall be final.^ In all exam- 
inations and approvals the principle of liberty of instruction, 

1 With religious teaching the state has nothing to do ; all of the other re- 
quirements, though, are fundamental, and it would obviously be poor state 
policy to approve schools which were poorer than those maintained by the public 
in the same school district. 

2 This will insure fair treatment, though the danger is rather the other way. 
Many of the commission desired to give the commissioner of education power 
to reverse, for cause, a local approval. 



Revised School Code 211 

so long as standards are maintained, shall be observed, and 
approval shall not be refused if the instruction is approxi- 
mately as good and thorough as that of the public schools, 
though it be different in scope or amount. 

Sec. 254. All private and parochial schools to report. — 
All private and parochial schools, or private or parochial 
institutions of any kind having a school connected therewith, 
shall be required to report, on uniform blanks issued by the 
commissioner of education, and at the time for making such 
reports, such statistics as the state board of education shall 
approve, and relating to the number of pupils and instructors, 
enrollment, attendance, courses of study, length of term, 
cost of tuition, and the general condition of the institution 
under their charge.^ All private, parochial, and other schools 
shall also keep their records as to attendance in the regular 
state class-room school-register, or other standard forms used 
for recording attendance, which shall be furnished to them 
free of charge, and according to the rules and regulations 
prescribed for public schools, and must cooperate with the 
pubhc schools in the matter of the school attendance,^ as 
required by Sees. 224, 225 and 231 of this Code. 

Sec. 255. State cooperation with. — All attendance-offi- 
cers for county or city school-districts shall cooperate as fully 
with private and parocliial school authorities in the enforce- 
ment of the compulsory attendance laws as with the public 
schools ; all private and parochial schools shall be suppKed 
with the state class-room school-register, and all blank forms 
relating to the school census, school attendance, and report- 
ing, free of charge; habitually truant and offending pupils 
in such may be sent to the pubKc parental-home schools ; and 
all private and parochial schools shall have the right to bor- 

^ Such information is necessary if the state is to have any clear knowledge 
of its educational resources and service. 

2 This is an obviously necessary requirement. 



212 Educational Reorganization 

row books from the state or county library, or to purchase 
any text-book or reading-circle book, approved and adopted 
by the state, at the same prices as public-school authorities 
or public-school teachers. All teachers in private or paro- 
chial schools may attend the teachers' institutes, and may 
receive teachers' certificates of any grade, on the same condi- 
tions ^ as teachers in the public schools. 

Sec. 256. Exemption from taxation. — In addition, any 
private or parochial school, not conducted for profit, and which 
complies with all of the conditions for approval, as stated in 
Sec. 252 of this Code, and which is approved for school attend- 
ance, and which is also, in addition, open for inspection and 
approval by representatives of the state department of edu- 
cation, may also be certified to the state board of education, 
by the commissioner of education, for exemption from all 
state, county, and local taxation, local improvement-assess- 
ments excepted, on its permanent endowment funds and so 
much of its grounds, buildings, and equipment as are actually 
used in and necessary for instruction and management.^ 
If the state board of education approves of the recommenda- 
tion it shall so certify to the county assessor of the county in 
which such school is located, who shall in turn notify any 
city or town assessor concerned, and such school shall there- 
after be exempt from such taxation, unless the exemption be 
revoked for good cause by the state board of education. 

Article 45. Degree-conferring Institutions 

Sec. 257. State supervision of. — The state board of edu- 
cation shall formulate and promulgate general rules for classi- 

1 This of course means the reference to freedom in attendance and right to 
take examinations and receive certificates. It does not include pay for attend- 
ance at teachers' institutes, which would be unconstitutional. 

2 This is a desirable return for good service rendered, and is only simple jus- 
tice. 



Revised School Code 213 

fying schools, colleges, institutes, technical institutions, uni- 
versities, and other institutions of learning within this state, 
which confer degrees or diplomas ; shall determine the mini- 
mum requirements for each as to endowment, instructing 
force, Hbrary, laboratories, and grade of work; and shall 
have power to regulate the conferring of degrees and diplomas 
within this state.^ 

Sec. 258. Exemption from taxation. — Any non-state 
school, college, institute, technical institution, university, 
or free pubKc museum or library, not conducted for profit, 
may apply to the state department of education for an exami- 
nation and inspection, with a view to exemption from taxa- 
tion, as provided for schools in Sec. 256 of this Code. If the 
institution meets the minimum standard set by the state 
board of education, and, resources and needs considered, offers 
a satisfactory grade of instruction or service in the work at- 
tempted, such institution may be certified to the state board 
of education, by the commissioner of education, for exemption 
from state and local taxation, local improvement-assessments 
excepted, on its permanent endowment funds and on so much 
of its grounds, buildings, and equipment as are actually used 
in and necessary for instruction and management. If the 
state board of education approves of the recommendation it 
shall certify the same for exemption, until revoked for cause, 
and following the same method provided for in Sec. 256 of 
this Code. 

Article 46. Designation and Intent of Act 

Sec. 259. Official title. — This Act shall be known and 
cited as the Revised School Code of the State of Osceola. 

Sec. 260. Intent of Act ; repealing clause. — This Act 
is intended to be and is amendatory of, and a recodification 

1 This is a desirable new pov/er that teaching institutions may be standardized 
and names, diplomas, and degrees be given some definite value and meaning. 



214 Educational Reorganization 

as amended of, all laws relating to schools of the state of Osce- 
ola, and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with, or in 
conflict with, the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 261. When to take effect. — That part of this Act 
relating to the appointment of a state board of education, a 
state commissioner of education, and the organization of a 
state department of education, shall take effect as soon after 
the approval of this act as may be; and all other parts of 
this Act, except where otherwise specified, shall take effect 
the first day of July, 1914. 

Sec. 262. Initial appropriation. — To initiate the work 
of the state department of education, hereby created, and to 
cover all expenses authorized by this Code until July i, 1914, 
there is hereby placed at the disposal of the state board of 
education, when appointed, and from any moneys in the 
treasury of this state not otherwise appropriated, the sum of 
twenty-five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be 
needed, to be paid out on the order of said board for any of 
the purposes of this Act. 

Passed by the Senate, February 14, 1914. 
Passed by the House, February 21, 1914. 
Approved, February 24, 1914. 



APPENDICES 

To show better the costs and the plans for reorganization pro- 
posed in the Revised School Code, the Educational Code Com- 
mission submits the following Appendices. 

A. Statistics as to the state of Osceola. 

B. Estimated cost for the state department of education, as 

provided for by Chap. I. 

C. Estimated state grants, as provided for by Chap. VIII. 

D. County educational reorganization, as required by Art. 6, 

illustrated by Chippewa County. 

E. The new state apportionment plan, illustrated by the ap- 

portionment sheet for Chippewa County. 

F. Selected success-grade forms. 



az5 



APPENDIX A 

STATISTICS AS TO THE STATE OF OSCEOLA 

(Figures for 1912-1913) 

Assessed wealth of the state $2,624,196,001 

Number of counties in the state 90 

Number of cities in state (ist class, by Sec. 34) 4 

Number of cities in state (2d class, by Sec. 34) 89 

Number of teachers employed : 

In ist class city school-districts 2,253 

In 2d class city school-districts 3,437 

Total employed in cities 5,690 

In non-city school-districts 9,560 

(In i-teacher rural schools, 8,513) 

Total employed in the state 15,250 

Number employed in high schools : 
In city school-districts 
In non-city school-districts 
Total number of high-school teachers 

Number of intermediate-school teachers 

Number of elementary-school teachers : 
In city school-districts 
In non-city school-districts 

Number of high-schools in the state : 
In city school-districts 
In non-city school-districts 

Number of school census children, 4 to 20 years of age 
Average daily attendance at all public schools 
Former basis for the apportionment of school funds : 

$200 for each teacher employed 

$2 for each child of census age 

Total state aid granted 
Deduct income from state school fund 

Net taxation cost for state aid ^ $4,012,512 

^ This was equal to a state tax of .i6jzf on the $100 of assessed valuation of all 
property in 1912-1913. 

216 



1,130 
485 






1,615 




405 


3,670 
9,560 


13,230 


95 
218 


S^3 




637,420 
325,060 




$3,050,000 
1,274,840 




$4,324,840 
312,328 



Appe7tdix A 217 

ESTIMATED CHANGES, AFTER NEW SYSTEM IS IN OPERA- 
TION 

(By 1919-1920 — After 5 years) 

Assessed wealth of the state increase to $3,000,000,000 

Teachers employed in 95 city school-districts : 

High-school teachers increased from 1,130 to 1,350 

Intermediate-school teachers increase from 405 to 850 

Elementary-school teachers increase from 3,670 to 3,800 

Teachers employed in 90 county school-districts : 

High-school teachers increase from 485 to 2,000 

Intermediate-school teachers increase from o to 500 

Elementary-school teachers decrease from 9,S6o to 6,000 

Total number of teachers in state decrease from 15,250 to 14,500 

In city districts increase from 5,690 to 6,000 

In county districts decrease from 9,560 to 8,500 

Total number of teachers 14,500 

In high-schools 3, 3 50 

In intermediate-schools 1,350 

In elementary schools 9,800 

Total average daily attendance increase from 325,060 to 450,000 



APPENDIX B 

ESTIMATED COST FOR THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF 

EDUCATION 

The following is a somewhat general and liberal estimate of what 
such a state department of education as is proposed in Chap. I 
of the School Code w^ould cost when fully organized, — say in 
about four or five years. The salaries and other expenses have 
been estimated, and rather liberal allowances for salaries have been 
included, because the efficiency of such a department will depend 
largely on the ability to comm.and the services of first-rate men and 
women. The number of employees and their salaries and distribu- 
tion would naturally vary somewhat in practice, but it is probable 
that the total number and the total costs would not vary very 
much from the estimate here given. It will be seen that what is 
intended is that the state department of education, a branch of 
the state service into which the state puts about one-half of its 
total expenses, shall be dignified by the creation of a directing de- 
partment which shall be as efficient, for the work it has to do, as 
is the state supreme court, the state railway commission, the 
state highway commission, or the state agricultural and horti- 
cultural department. The care of children and the improvement 
of the public welfare is here conceived to be as important as the 
care of crops, live-stock, and property. 

GENERAL ESTIMATE AS TO NEEDS 

I. General Administsation 

Estimated Cost 
I Commissioner of education $9,000 

I Assistant commissioner 5,ooo 

I Private secretary to the commissioner 2,500 

4 Stenographers, and coypists 5,ooo 

I Messenger 1,000 

Total for general administration $23,500 

218 



Appendix B 



219 




II. Divisions of the Department 

1. Business Division. 

I Secretary and business manager $S,ooo 

1 Assistant secretary and business manager 2,500 
3 Bookkeepers and accountants 5, 000 

2 Stenographers and copyists 2,500 
I Porter and messenger 1,000 

Total for business department 

2. Legal Division. 

I Chief for the legal division 

1 Assistant in the legal work 

2 Stenographers and copyists 

Total for division 

J. Statistical Division. 

1 Chief statistician $4,000 

2 Assistant statisticians 3} 500 
2 Stenographers, assistants, and copyists 2,500 

Total for division 

4. Library and Library-extension Division. 

This division is merely transferred to the control of 
the state department of education. The only ad- 
ditional expense would be for increased efficiency 
in connection with the county-library work, esti- 
mated at 

5. Museum and Science-extension Division. 

The museum, like the state library, is merely trans- 
ferred to the education department, and increases 
in cost will be for increased efficiency. As it is pro- 
posed to extend the services materially, this may be 
estimated to cost, after a few years, a yearly addi- 
tion of 

6. Schoolhouse-coitstruction and Sanitation Division, 

I School architect, as chief of division $4,000 

I Sanitation expert 3,000 

1 TraveHng inspector of school buildings 2,500 

2 Draughtsmen 2,500 
I Stenographer and copyist 1,200 

Total for division 

f . Child-welfare Division. 

I Chief of division, in health supervision $4,000 

I Expert in study of abnormal children 3,600 

I Expert in study of retardation 3,000 

I Expert in playground organization 2,400 

1 Office worker and assistant 1,800 

2 Stenographers and copyists 2,500 

Total for division 



$16,000 



$8,500 



blO.OOO 



$10,000 



$15,000 



$13,200 



$17,300 



220 



Appendix B 



8. Rural and Agricultural-education Division. 

1 Chief of division, in rural-life work 

3 Rural-survey experts and extension workers 

2 Experts in rural education 
2 Stenographers and copyists 

Total for division 

p. Elementary-education Division. 

I Supervisor of elementary education 

I Expert in primary work 

1 Expert in intermediate-school work 

I School-survey expert 

I Examiner of schools 

I Stenographer and copyist 

Total for elementary-education division 

10. Secondary-education Division. 

I Supervisor of secondary education 
I Expert in industrial education 
I Expert in home-life instruction 
I Expert in agricultural education 

1 School examiner 

2 Stenographers and copyists 

Total for division 

11. Special-class Education Division. 

I Supervisor of educational work in state institutions 
I Inspector of reformatory and parental-home schools 
I Inspector of school-census and compulsory-educa- 
tion work 
I Stenographer, copyist, and assistant 

Total for division 

12. Examining, Certificating, and Pensioning Division. 
I Chief of division, in charge of examinations 

I Bookkeeper and register of certificates 
I Assistant in the division 
I Stenographer and copyist 
Allowance for readers, in excess of income from fees 
for examinations 
Total for division 

I J, Training of Teachers Division. 

I Inspector of normal schools and training classes 
I Assistant in the organization and direction of insti- 
tutes in the state 
I Assistant for reading-circle and extension work 
I Stenographer and copyist 
Allowance for conducting district institutes 

Total for division 



>4,ooo 
6,500 
S,ooo 
2,500 



HjOOO 

3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,500 
1,500 



H,ooo 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,500 



P4,ooo 
3,000 

2,500 
1,500 



g4,ooo 
2,000 
2,000 
1,500 

3,000 



H,ooo 

3,600 
3,000 
1,500 
3,000 



$18,000 



,000 



,500 



SlI.OOO 



$12,500 



$i5»ioo 



Appendix B 221 

14. Art and, Music Division. 

I Head of the division, for drawing $4,000 
I Assistant, for music organization 4,000 

I Assistant for applied art 3>20o 

I Stenographer and assistant 1,500 

Total for division $12,700 

75. Industrial and Vocational-education Division. 

I Chief, for industrial education $S>ooo 

I Industrial-survey expert 4,000 

I Expert for commercial work 3,600 

I Expert for trade and vocational education 3,000 

I Stenographer and assistant 1,500 

Total for division $17,100 

16. Information and Extension Division. 

I Chief of the division $4,000 

6 Stenographers and copyists 8,000 

Total for division $12,000 

I/. Editorial Division. 

I Editor of pubhcations $4,000 

I Assistant editor 1,800 

1 Draughtsman and illustratOE 1,800 

2 Proofreaders 2,400 
I Stenographer and copyist 1,500 

Total for division $11,500 

III. General Expenses for Department 

For travel expenses of experts $20,000 

For postage, telegrams, express, etc. 10,000 

For printing, stationery, and supplies 12,000 

For special investigations 10,000 

For printing of pubhcations 50,000 

For contingent fund, necessary expenses 14,100 

Total for general expenses $116,100 

Grand total for maintenance of department of educa- 
tion, after fully organized $37S,ooo 

Deductions ^ 

Present cost for department (1912-1913) $76,500 

Possible saving in expenses for county institutes 13,500 $90,000 

Net yearly increased cost for department ^ $285,000 

1 There wiU be a still further unestimated saving on schoolhouse plans, 
probably $250,000, during the iSrst five years, during the period of reconstruction. 

2 This would be equal to .0101^ on the $100 of assessed valuation of all 
property in 1912-1913, and to .0095^ on the estimated valuation by the time 
this department gets fully organized. 



222 



Appendix B 



Comparative Costs, for Osceola 



Last session of the legislature 

Maintenance of national guard 

Aid for orphan children 

Cost for reformatories 

Care of the insane 

State railway commission 

State highway commission 

State Agric. and Hortic. commission 

Dept. of agriculture, Univ. of Osceola 

State board of health 



$238,000 
300,000 
650,000 
475,000 

1,220,000 
260,000 
175,000 
480,000 
587,500 
186,000 



APPENDIX C 

ESTIMATED STATE GRANTS, AS PROVIDED FOR BY 

CHAPTER VIII 





For igi4-i9i5, 


For 1919-1920, 


Items 


BASED o^ 


1913-1914 


BASED 0> 


r 1918-1919 




No. 


Amount 


No. 


Amount 


/. Teacher Grants. 










City Supts. of education 


93 


$65,000 


95 


$90,000 


County Supts. of education 


go 


39,000 


90 


80,000 


Asst. City Supts. of education 


15 


9,000 


25 


15,000 


Asst. Co. Supts. of education 


13 


7,800 


130 


75,000 


City school health-officers 


20 


20,200 


no 


115,000 


County school health-officers 


4 


4,000 


90 


80,000 


City school attendance-officers 


28 


1 2,000 


40 


16,000 


County school Attend.-officers 


6 


2,000 


90 


38,000 


School nurses, city and county 


3 


900 


25 


7,500 


Elementary and Eln. teachers 


13,230 


2,646,000 


9,600 


2,400,000 


Intermediate-school teachers 


405 


81,000 


1,550 


272,250 


High-school teachers 


1,615 


323,200 


3,250 


975,000 


Additional special-type Trs. 






125 


40,000 


Total teacher grants 


15,464 


$3,210,100 


14,965 


$4,203,750 


//. Extra School Grants. 










Secondary-school grants (Yrs. of 










Instr. offered) 


1,015 


$101,500 


4,225 


$422,500 


Special grants for industrial work in 










schools 




205,000 




1,300,000 


County Agric. high-schools 


14 


28,000 


90 


180,000 


City industrial schools 


16 


18,000 


75 


120,000 


Teachers'-training courses in Co. Agr. 










high-schools 


13 


6,500 


50 


25,000 


City normal schools 


10 


10,000 


3 


3,000 


Parental-home schools 


9 


7,200 


100 


80,000 


Total extra school grants 




$382,200 




$2,130,500 



223 



224 Appendix C 

ESTIMATED STATE GRANTS ~ Con^mwecf 





For 1914-191S, 


For 1919-1920, 


Items 


BASED ON 1913-1914 


BASED ON 1918-1919 




No. 


Amount 


No. 


Amount 


III. Library and Book Grants. 










City libraries, under school depart- 










ment 


28 


$30,000 


65 


$70,000 


County libraries in operation 


42 


45,000 


90 


100,000 


County branch libraries 


55 


13,750 


1,200 


300,000 


For aid in the purchase of books, ap- 










portionments on : 










Elementary-school Trs. 


13,230 


264,600 


9,600 


192,000 


Intermediate-school Trs. 


405 


10,125 


1,550 


38,750 


Secondary-school Trs. 


1,615 


48,450 


3,250 


97,500 


Total library and book grants 




$411,925 




$798,250 


IV. Attendance Grants. 










Estimate of $3 per pupil 


325,060 


$975,180 






Estimate of $2 per pupil 






450,000 


$900,000 


V. Consolidated School Grants. 










At $150 per teacher, for from 3 to 6 










per school 


270 


$40,500 


6,300 


$945,000 


Summary 




1914-191S 




1919-1920 


L Teacher grants 




$3,210,100 




$4,203,750 


II. Extra school grants 




382,200 




2,130,500 


III. Library and book grants 




411,925 




798,250 


IV. Attendance grants 




975,180 




900,000 


V. Consolidated school grants 




40,500 




945,000 


Total grants 




$5,019,905 




$8,977,500 


State aid for buildings, as per Sec. 133 










of Code, for five years 




1,000,000 






Total cost 




$6,019,905 




$8,977,500 


Required State-tax Appropriation. 










Based on $20 per pupil in average 










daily attendance would be . . 




$6,501,800 




$9,000,000 


This sum would be equivalent to a 










state tax of 




.249^ 




.300^5 


on the $100 of assessed valuation 










of all property in the state. 











APPENDIX D 

COUNTY EDUCATIONAL REORGANIZATION ILLUSTRATED 
BY CHIPPEWA COUNTY 

To illustrate the educational reorganization required to be made 
by the provisions of Art. 6, one of the counties of Osceola has been 
carefully studied by the commission, and the results are here pre- 
sented, as an Appendix, to illustrate the process of reorganization, 
the costs for reorganization, and the workings of the new chapter 
on the apportionment of school funds. 

For this purpose Chippewa County was taken, as it is a type of 
a well-settled agricultural county in Osceola. The county had a 
total population of approximately 35,000, of which approximately 
15,000 were in the central county-seat city of Chippewa Falls. 
The town of Dunkirk (see map, p. 228) had approximately 1200; 
Selma and Cisco approximately 800 each; and Yolo and Ceres 
approximately 450 each. The central city and the five town school- 
districts are shaded on the map. The remainder of the popula- 
tion is scattered fairly evenly throughout the county, the greatest 
rural density perhaps being in the Pontiac River valley. The 
county is located in a good agricultural section of the state; is 
approximately level, well watered, and well drained; and the 
land values are high. Farm tenantry has increased rather rapidly 
recently, largely due to the desire to get better educational and 
social advantages for the children than the rural schools and rural 
life afford. The average is still low, however, being only 18.3 per 
cent for the county. The assessed wealth of the county, outside 
of the city of Chippewa Falls, was approximately $20,000,000 
at the last county assessment. The central city has a number of 
small manufactories of some importance, and carries on a large 
business with the rural districts. 

Q 225 



226 Appendix D 

The schools in the city of Chippewa Falls are well maintained, 
there being good supervision ; a good high school, with some vo- 
cational work; a well-organized intermediate school, elementary- 
schools, and kindergartens; as well as a small city industrial 
school, and a small night school. Salaries are fair for the size of 
the city, and maintenance charges reasonably good. A nine and 
a half months' school term has been maintained. A superintendent 
of schools, paid $3600, four special supervisors, an attendance- 
officer, and a city school-health-officer are employed, in addition 
to sixty-two regular day-school teachers and principals, and two 
evening-school teachers. 

The schools in the rural districts, like the schools in most other 
counties in Osceola, represent no such state of advancement. In 
105 of the 108 school-districts outside of the central city only 
elementary-school instruction is offered, although a number of 
the districts have added a so-called ninth year. This has served 
chiefly to reduce the time for all classes, and has not infrequently 
resulted in the neglect of the smaller children. Two-year high 
schools are found in tw^o of the towns, Cisco and Selma, while at 
Dunkirk a four-year high school is maintained. About one-half 
of the rural districts paid high-school tuition for some of their 
children last year, the total for these districts being $6635. None 
of the districts outside of the towns maintained over a seven months' 
term of school last year, and twenty-seven districts maintained 
only six months. The wages paid in the district schools ran from 
$55 to $65 a month, usually being as low as the old minimum salary- 
law allowed, for the purpose of keeping down district taxation. 
The expenditures last year, outside of the central city, were $88,177, 
of which $64,925 was for elementary schools; $12,667 ^^^ second- 
ary schools and tuition in secondary schools; and $10,585 for 
the supervision and administration of the system. The super- 
vision was carried on by a county superintendent of schools, paid 
$1200, and an office assistant at $800. One short visit was made 
to each rural teacher last year by the county superintendent of 
schools, and this is the usual amount of direct supervision given. 
About one-third of the teachers outside of the towns are teaching 
on a third-grade county teacher's certificate. 



Appendix D 227 

The first map shows the districts as they now exist, and the 
second map shows the result after the county educational reor- 
ganization, provided for by Art. 6. The county would now be 
made the unit, and the 108 school-districts would now be consoli- 
dated into 14 county attendance-subdistricts. The central city, as 
it employs over the 25 teachers required by Sec. 34, is organized 
as a separate school-district, and as a city school-district of the 
second class. A city board of education of five would now be 
elected from the city at large, to manage the schools of the city 
school-district, and a county board of education of five would also 
be elected, from the county at large and outside of the city, to 
manage the educational affairs of the county school-district. 

In the reorganization, one two-teacher rural district, lying be- 
tween the city of Chippewa Falls and the junction of the two rivers, 
has been added to the city school-district, for geographical as well 
as educational reasons, though the city limits do not extend so far. 
The five towns in the county have been used as concentrating cen- 
ters, partly because the location of the roads makes this advisable, 
and also because they form the natural community centers. The 
boundary lines of the old school-districts followed township and 
section lines very largely, as may be seen by a glance at the first 
map ; the boundary lines of the new subdistricts follow the natural 
geographic boundaries, such as the water courses, or the approxi- 
mate community boundaries of the different rural communities. 
In two cases, subdistricts I and XI, elongated subdistricts have 
been formed, extending beyond the community boundaries, be- 
cause of the ability to utilize the interurban electric road for the 
transportation of the children to and from school. The arrows 
and lines on the subdistrict maps show the direction and length 
of the transportation routes. These vary in length from three to 
seven miles, and forty-one transportation wagons will be required 
to carry all of the children. In three subdistricts both wagons 
and the trolley are used. 

By means of such a county educational reorganization a new 
rural school system would be created, capable of great service to 
rural people. In the place of the 103 little rural district school 
buildings, many of them pictures of neglect, 14 large, well-built, 



228 



Appendix D 




Tp. 3. R.W ' ' Tp. 2,' R.W ' Tp. 1. R.W. 

Chippewa County, as it is Now 



This map shows the educational organization of the county, as it is now. At the center of the 
county is the city of Chippewa Falls, which employs sixty-two teachers, and maintains elemen- 
tary, intermediate and high schools, and in addition has a superintendent and six_ special super- 
visors. Two towns maintain two-year high schools, the town of Dunkirk maintains a four-year 
high school, and two villages have two-room graded schools. Besides these there are ninety-nine 
school-districts in the county employing one teacher, and four districts employing two teachers. 
In IDS rural districts only elementary instruction is offered. These same districts spent, last 
year, $6,634 for tuition in high schools. 

The county, as will be seen from the map, is three townships or eighteen miles wide, and four 
townships, or twenty-four miles long, and contains 132 square miles. It is level and a rich agri- 
cultural section. Both steam roads and electric interurbans run in three directions from the 
central city. 



Appendix D 



229 




Tp. 3, R.W. Tp. Z, 'R.W. » Tp. 1. R.W. 

Chippewa County, Reorganized 

This map shows Chippewa County, after it has been reorganized, as provided for in article six 
of the Code. The 108 school-districts have been reduced to fourteen, not counting the central 
city, and all one-teacher schools have been abandoned. Instead there are now fourteen consoli- 
dated schools, with electric or wagon transportation to each, and seven of the fourteen provide 
four-year high school courses in addition, while the other seven provide two-year courses. There 
is, in connection with one, a county agricultural high school, so located as to be easily accessible 
from all parts of the county. There is also a parental home school, just outside of the city, 
maintained jointly by the city and county districts. Branch libraries are maintained at all four- 
teen schools. 

There are but two school-districts in the county now, one city school-district and one county 
school-district, with fourteen first class and no second class subdistricts. Each subdistrict has 
a board of directors of three, or a total of forty-two for the county instead of the three hundred 
and thirty district trustees under the old plan. The city board of education is similarly reduced 
from one of twelve, elected by wards, to one of five, from the city at large. 

Note in how few cases the new subdistrict boundary lines follow the township lines, subdistrict 
XII alone being coincident with the township. Fourteen subdistricts and one city are required 
for the twelve townships. 



230 



Appe7zdix D 



well-lighted, and well-heated, consolidated, community-center 
school buildings would be erected, each containing an assembly 
hall and a branch county library, and each a landmark in its com- 
munity. Under the provisions of Sec. 133 of this Code, each would 
have at least 5 acres of land, and hence would be equipped for 
rural life instruction and needs. The accompanying picture and 
floor plans of such a building, built in another state, show" what 
we might expect. The great rural service of such a community- 
center building can hardly be overestimated. 




• • • * > ' H- 



k Community-center School 



In addition to providing for graded instruction, and special su- 
pervision for the elementary schools, perhaps the most important 
single feature of such a reorganization would be the general pro- 
vision for secondary education for every child in the county, and 
secondary education adapted to rural needs at that. In 7 of the 
14 subdistricts, two-year secondary schools are provided for, and 
in the other 7 full four-year courses are to be maintained. The 
arrangement of these districts is also such that a four-year second- 
ary school is always found in a subdistrict adjacent to a subdistrict 
maintaining a two-year high school. In one of the subdistricts, 
easily accessible by interurban trolley, a four-year county second- 
ary school of agriculture is to be maintained, open to any child 
in the county. The county school-district and the city school- 
district unite in the maintenance of a parental-home school, con- 
veniently located just outside of the city school-district, and easily 
accessible from all parts of the county. County and city attend- 



Appendix D 



231 






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el- ■ 







a a □ □ □ 

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^nnDQDDn 



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n tzi □ □ □<» 
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nnnnnnnng 
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L^ Cloak Room 
' I — F — I 1 — r- 




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[Reproduced from Cubberley's Rural Life and Education, by permission of Houghton Mifflin 
Company.] 



In the basement the heating plant and fuel and janitor's rooms are under class- 
rooms 3 and 4. The manual-training room is under the assembly hall ; the domestic 
science and sewing rooms are under the library ; a science laboratory is under class- 
room No. I, and an agricultural laboratory is under classroom No. 6. The toilet 
rooms and showers are under classrooms 2 and 5, under 2 for girls and women, and 
under 5 for boys and men, and so arranged that they may be entered by the school 
children by the main stairways from above or from the playground by the rear base- 
ment entrance stairs leading to the library or to the assembly hall. 

Note that the six classrooms form a unit by themselves, and can be closed off from 
the library and assembly hall entirely. Similarly either the assembly hall or the 
library may be used, at any time, without any access to the school proper. The 
toilet rooms in the basement may be shut off, in a similar manner, from the school. 



232 



Appendix D 



ance-officers cooperate in the enforcement of the census and com- 
pulsory attendance laws. 

The table below shows clearly the educational results of such 
a reorganization. From this table it will be seen that only 66 
teachers are really needed to provide for the needs of the ele- 
mentary-school children, whereas now 115 teachers are required; 



TABLE NO. I. 



RESULTS OF REORGANIZATION IN CfflPPEWA 
COUNTY 





1% 

C in 


Teachers Now 

EMPLOYED In 


Consolidated 

School would 

Require 


Transporta- 
tion Ar- 
rangements 


-a 

^2 


S3 -5 
IS 


+-> 
C in 

S 




"rt 







"tS 


'=1 S 


1* 


8ph 

VI g 


!?w 


li 






^ 


WH 




g 




I-" 

HO 

yes 




I 


6 


7 





7 


4 


5 


9 


2 


4 


n 


7 


7 





7 


4 


2 


6 


4 




2 


III 


5 


6 


2 


8 


4 


3 


7 


3 




4 


IV 


9 


10 





10 


4 


3 


7 


3 




4 


V 


9 


II 


3 


14 


6 


4 


10 


4 




4 


VI 


6 


6 


— 


6 


4 


2 


6 


3 




2 


VII 


5 


6 


— 


6 


4 


2 


6 


2 




2 


VIII 


6 


6 


— 


6 


4 


2 


6 


2 




2 


IX 


6 


6 


— 


6 


4 


2 


6 


3 




2 


X 


7 


7 


— 


7 


4 


2 


6 


4 




2 


XI 


16 


17 


— 


17 


8 


4 


12 


2 


yes 


4 


XII 


6 


7 


— 


7 


4 


3 


7 


3 




4 


XIII 


II 


12 


2 


14 


8 


4 


12 


3 


yes 


4 


XIV 


7 


7 


— 


7 


4 


2 


6 


3 




2 


Totals 


108 


115 


7 


122 


66 


40 


106 


41 


3 


— 



The only change for th3 central city school-district is the annexation of 
one two-teacher school. 



and, after adding 33 additional secondary-school teachers, to pro- 
vide good secondary-school instruction for all, and some super- 
vision for each school, a total of only 106 teachers would be required. 
This provides graded classroom instruction for all, with no teacher 
in a consolidated school having over two grades to teach, while in 



Appendix D - 233 

two schools a teacher for every school grade is provided. In addi- 
tion, the way is now open for the provision of good instruction in 
special subjects, — music, drawing, domestic science, manual 
training, and agriculture, — which before was hardly possible. 

Of course such a system of rural education will naturally cost 
more, though not as much more as one might suppose. As a county 
superintendent in a neighboring state said, recently : " The only 
way to get better schools is to spend more money, in a better 
way; — there is no other way." The increased cost, though, will 
be for the very much better educational facilities provided, the 
better instruction, and the longer term. If only the same kind of 
super\dsion and the same scope of instruction were provided, and 
for the same short term, the reorganized plan, after offering 
the advantages of graded instruction and not over two classes 
to any one teacher, would actually be, after paying all new charges 
for the transportation of pupils, cheaper than the one now em- 
ployed. These facts can be shown by a series of financial tables. 

Table No. 3 presents the cost, last year, for the school system 
maintained in Chippewa County, outside of the city of Chippewa 
Falls, and as shown on map i. After deducting the state appor- 
tionment, the actual taxation cost, on a valuation of approximately 
$20,000,000., outside of the city, was .303^ on the $100 of 
assessed valuation. 

Table No. 4 shows what the same kind of school system would 
cost if reorganized as shown by map 2, and providing the same 
type of supervision, same length of term, the same limited second- 
ary-school facilities, and the same scale of general expense for 
supplies and upkeep of buildings, and assuming the same rate of 
state apportionment as before. The actual taxation cost would 
now be but .232^ on the $100 of assessed valuation, or an 
actual reduction in cost of .07 if^ on the $100 in tax, or 24 per 
cent, and with a graded school system, in new and modern build- 
ings and with transportation included, substituted for the old 
district system. It would pay the county to reorganize its schools, 
even if no better school facilities were provided. 

This, of course, does not include the cost of the new school 
buildings required. Assuming that these averaged, with land, 



2 34 Appendix D 

TABLE NO. 3. COST FOR THE COUNTY SCHOOL SYSTEM FOR 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY, 1912-1913 

(Licludes all schools except those in the central city.) 

I. For Teachers' Salaries 

99 Teachers in one-room rural schools, for an average of 6 
months and 14 days, and at an average of $60 per 
month, or $402 per year $39,798 

8 Teachers in two-room rural schools, for six months each, 

at an average of $62.50 per month, or $375 per year 3,000 

1 1 Teachers in villages and towns, for an average of 8 months, 

and at an average of $65 per month, or $520 per year 5,720 
7 High-school teachers, for eight months and at $90 per 

month, or $720 per year 5,040 

Teachers' pay for 7 Saturday institutes 2,745 

Total for teachers $56,303 

11. For Administration and Supervision 

I County superintendent of schools $1,200 

I Clerical assistant to superintendent 800 

Travel, printing, books, and office expenses 6,000 
District administration expenses, at an average of $12.25 

per teacher employed 1,470 
109 District trustees, at annual trustees' institute, at $2 per 

day and expenses 680 
Expenses connected with the annual county, township, 

and trustees' institutes 435 

Total administration expenses $10,585 

III. Supplies and Upkeep 

Fuel for 120 classrooms, at $18 each $2,160 

Library and books, at an average of $18 per teacher 2,078 
School apparatus and supplies, at an average of $28.50 per 

teacher 3,448 

Janitor service, 120 classrooms 4,850 
Repairs to school buildings, at an average of $17.50 per 

classroom 2,118 

Total supplies and upkeep $14,654 

IV. Transportation and High-school Tuition 

Transportation of pupils $ 

High-school tuition, paid by the districts , 6,635 $6,635 

Total cost for present system 88,177 

Received from state apportionment 27,600 

Actual taxation cost $60,577 



Appendix D 235 

TABLE NO. 4. COST FOR THE REORGANIZED SCHOOL SYS- 
TEM, ON THE OLD BASIS 

I. For Teachers' Salaries 

66 Teachers in elementary-school work, for an average of 7 
months, at the average pay of $61 per month, or $427 
per year $28,182 

7 High-school teachers, at $90 per month, for 8 months, or 

$720 per year S,040 

Teachers' pay for 7 Saturday institutes 1,630 

Total for teachers $34»8S2 

II. For Administration and Supervision 

I County superintendent of education $1,200 

I Clerical assistant to the superintendent 800 

Travel, printing, books, and office expenses 4,000 

District administration expenses, at an average of $12.50 

per teacher 808 

14 Trustees, at annual trustees' institute, at $2 per day and 

expenses 88 
Expenses connected with the annual county, district, 

and trustees' institutes 435 

Total administration expenses $7}33i 

III. Supplies and Upkeep 

Fuel for 73 classrooms (14 bldgs.) at $18 each $1,314 

Library and books, at an average of $25 per teacher (in- 
creased from $18 because of larger classes) 1,825 
School apparatus and supplies, at $28.50 per teacher 2,080 
Janitor service, 14 schools, for 7 months 6,000 
Repairs to school buildings, at an average of $17.50 for each 

of the 73 classrooms 1,278 

Total supplies and upkeep $12,497 

IV. Transportation and Tuition 

41 Transportation routes, 7 months, at $300 each $12,300 

Trolley transportation for 3 schools 300 

High-school tuition, paid by the districts 6,635 

Total transportation and tuition $19^235 

Total cost for reorganized system, old basis 73, 9^5 

Received from state apportionment 27,600 

Actual taxation cost for reorganized system $46,315 



236 Appendix D 

$20,000 each, which is probably high rather than low, the total 
cost for the 14 buildings required, together with the half cost of 
providing the parental-home school, and after deducting money 
received from the sale of the old buildings and sites, and received 
from the state as building subsidies under the provisions of article 
24 of the Revised School Code, would probably be about $200,000. 
For this, bonds would need to be issued. At 5 per cent, the interest 
on these would be $10,000 the first year, decreasing constantly 
thereafter, and $10,000 of the bonds would need to be retired each 
year for twenty years. This would mean a maximum bond and 
interest charge of $20,000 or a tax of 10 j^ on the $100 of assessed 
valuation, or, with this added, but .029^ more than the rate for 
schools before the reorganization. 

The universal experience, however, is that communities are not 
content to continue on the old basis, once the inertia of decades is 
overcome and a reorganization is effected, and it is not the intent 
of this Code that counties should continue on the old basis as to 
salaries, educational facilities provided, length of term, kind of 
supervision, supplies, upkeep, or other items. A general advance 
along the whole line is required by the Revised School Code, with 
the intent of providing the county school-districts of Osceola, 
as well as the city school-districts, with a thoroughly modern 
and a thoroughly efficient school system. Table No. 5 shows what 
such would provide, and cost. Map No. 2 shows how the new 
school system would be organized. 

TABLE NO 5. COST FOR THE REORGANIZED SYSTEM, ON 
THE NEW BASIS OF EXPENDITURE 

I. For Teachers' Salaries 

66 Elementary-school teachers, at $75 per month, for 9 

months, or $675 per year $44,550 
26 High-school teachers, at $100 per month for 9 months, or 

$900 per year 23,400 
14 High-school teachers, who also act as principals for the 

schools at $150 per month, or $1350 per year 18,900 
2 Teachers in parental-home school (half of the cost for this 

paid by the city) 1,200 

Teachers' pay for 8 Saturday institutes 3,7 18 



Total for teachers $91,768 



Appendix D 



^Z7 



II. For Administration and Supervision 

I County superintendent of education $3,000 

I Assistant county superintendent IjSoo 

I Secretary of the county board of education 1,200 

I County school health-officer 2,700 

I County school attendance-officer 1,200 
3 Special supervisors (primary work, grammar-grade work, 

and agriculture) 3,800 

Travel, printing, telephones, and of&ce expenses 7,000 

Total administrative expenses 



) 20,400 



III. For Supplies and Upkeep 

Fuel, for 75 classrooms (15 bldgs.) at $18 each $i,3S0 

Books and supplies, including free text-books 5,Soo 

Apparatus and laboratory supplies 15,000 
Extra expenses, agricultural high school, for instruction and 

extension work 2,500 

Extra expenses, parental-home school (§) 800 
Janitor service, 14 schools, 9 months, with one head-janitor 

for 12 months 7,Soo 

Repairs and upkeep, 75 rooms, at $50 each 3,750 

Total for supplies and upkeep 



$36,400 



IV. For the County Library 

' I County librarian $1,800 

14 Branch Hbrarians, at $400 each, 12 months 5,600 

For new books for library 2,000 

For expenses of administration and distribution 2,000 

Total for county library work 



$11,400 



V. For Transportation and Tuition 

41 Transportation routes, 9 months, at $400 each $16,400 

Trolley transportation for three schools 400 

High school tuition to be paid (none) 
Total for transportation and tuition 

Total cost for reorganized system, new basis $176,768 

To be received from state apportionment 67,825 

Actual taxation cost for system 
Taxation cost for old system 
Increased cost for the new system 
Deducting still further, the amount previously spent by 
the county supervisors on the county library 

Final net increased taxation cost for the new system 



$16,800 



$108,943 

60,577 

$48,366 

3>2oo 
$45,166 



238 Appendix D 

In all items of expenditure a substantial advance is made, as will 
be noticed by comparing Table 5 with Table 3, and the net in- 
creased taxation-cost for the new system would be equal to .242 j!^ 
on the $100 of assessed valuation. This amount would, in a very 
short time, be repaid to the county by the increased efficiency of 
the farming alone, due to the general introduction of instruction in 
agriculture. 



APPENDIX E 

THE NEW STATE APPORTIONMENT PLAN 

The working of the new state apportionment scheme is shown in 
detail by Table 6, this being assumed to be a copy of the state 
apportionment sheet for Chippewa County, as made out by the 
state department of education, and forwarded to the county school 
officials. This reveals how fully the new apportionment plan 
provides for rewarding almost all of the desirable efforts made by a 
community, and for withholding rewards when effort is not made. 

TABLE NO. 6. STATE APPORTIONMENT SHEET FOR 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 

(Based on the provisions of Chap. VIII of the Revised School Code.) 

I. The County School-district 

1. Teacher Grants. 

For county superintendent of education {\ salary) $i,ooo 

For I assistant county superintendent {\ salary) 500 

For I county school health-ofi&cer {\ salary) 900 

For I county school attendance-ofificer (| salary) 400 

For 3 special supervisors, at $400 each 1,200 

For 66 elementary-school teachers, at $250 each 16,500 

For 2 parental-home school teachers (^ paid by city) 250 

For 40 secondary-school teachers, at $300 each 12,000 

Total teacher grants $32,75° 

2. Extra Grants for Schools Maintained. 

For 34 years of secondary-school instruction offered, in 14 

schools, at $100 a year $3,400 

For I 4-year school of agriculture 2,000 

For I parental-home school (| to city) 400 

For extra grants for industrial courses 4,200 

Total extra school grants $10,000 

5. Attendance Grants. 

Estimate of 4000 pupils in average daily attendance, under 
reorganized system, at an estimated sum of $2 each $ 8,000 

239 



240 



Appendix E 



Library Grants. 

For I county library maintained (l cost of) 
For 14 branch county libraries, at $250 each 
For purchase of books and free text-books, on 
66 elementary-school teachers, at $25 each 
40 secondary-school teachers, at $35 each 
Total library grants 



>I,200 

3,500 

1,650 
1,400 



',750 



5. Consolidated-school Grants. 

For 14 consolidated community-center schools, $150 per 
teacher for all teachers over 3 and less than 6 in number 
in any school, or a total of 62 teachers 

Total from state apportionments for county school- 
district 



50,300 
$67,800 



II. The City School-disteict 



I. Teacher Grants. 



For I city superintendent of education (| salary) 

For I city school health-officer (| salary) 

For I city school attendance-officer Q salary) 

For 4 special supervisors, at $400 each 

For 4 kindergarten teachers, at $250 each 

For 36 elementary-school teachers, at $250, each 

For 8 intermediate-school teachers, at $275 each 

For 9 secondary-school teachers, at $300 each 

For 2 industrial-school teachers, intermediate-school 

grade, at $275 each 
For 2 parental-home school teachers (| to county) 

Total teacher grants 



pl,200 

1,000 
400 
1,600 
1,000 
9,000 
2,200 
2,700 

550 
250 



$19,900 



Extra Grants for Schools Maintained. 

For 4 years of secondary-school instruction offered, at 
$100 per year 

For courses in industrial and household work 
4 courses in intermediate schools, at $100 
2 courses in secondary schools, at $125 

For I city industrial school maintained 

For I parental-home school (^ to county) 

Total extra school grants 



$400 

400 
250 
800 
4p9 



$2,050 



3. Attendance Grants. 

For 2455 pupils in average daily attendance, at an esti- 
mated sum of $2 each 



,910 



Appe7idix E 241 

4. Library Grants. 

For I city free-library, under control of school board (| 

expenses) $1,200 

For purchase of books and free text-books on 
41 elementary-school teachers, at $25 i)025 

10 intermediate-school teachers, at $30 300 

10 secondary-school teachers, at $35 350 

Total library grants $2,825 

Total from state apportionments for the city school- 
district $32,140 

Summary 

Total apportionments for county school-district $67,800 

Total apportionments for city school-district 32,140 

Total to Chippewa County $99,940 



R 



APPENDIX F 
SELECTED SUCCESS-GRADE FORMS 

The following is another plan, suggested by a Professor of 
Education in the state university of a neighboring state. 

PROVISIONAL PLAN FOR THE MEASURE OF MERIT 

OF TEACHERS 

(Used by permission of Professor Edward C. Elliott, of the University 

of Wisconsin) 

General Propositions 

1. Does not the general betterment of educational achievement 

finally depend upon, (a) the analysis of the complex teaching 
process into its essential, constituent elements; and (b) the 
recognition and possession by teachers of the qualities and 
capacities upon which these elements are grounded ? 

2. Is it not possible to devise and to apply to the teaching process 

impersonal, objective standards of value whereby the relative 
worth and efiiciency of teachers may be determined more 
justly and with greater precision than under the prevailing 
practices ? 

3. As fundamental conditions for the cumulative improvement of 

teaching and for the greater effectiveness of school organiza- 
tion, should not teachers, (a) be encouraged and trained to 
determine their own professional worth in accordance with 
standards mutually agreed upon by teachers and supervisors ; 
{b) receive the benefits of direct, constructive criticism, and 
the stimulation of continuous, skillful, personal, non-interfer- 
ing supervision ; and (c) claim exemption from snap measure- 
ments of their merit based upon casual visitation and inter- 
mittent inspection, and from the unsupported, arbitrary 
judgments of superiors ? 

242 



Appendix F 



243 



4. Does not the economical improvement of the products of public 
education require that the conditions and results of the 
teacher's work be tested by methods of an objective, quanti- 
tative character rather than by judgments of a subjective, 
qualitative nature ? 

PROVISIONAL PLAN FOR THE MEASURE OF MERIT OF 

TEACHERS 

City (District) School Room 

Teacher Grade Subject 



No. of Pupils — 
Special conditions 



Boys 

Girls --- 



Date 



General Instructions 

Deduct from possible 10; very slight, 2 ; slight, 4; marked, 6 ; very marked, 7; 

extreme, 8. (Possible 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100, in same proportion.) 
Total efficiency = Total Individual Efficiency plus Total Directed Efficiency. 
Minimum standard for approval; according to the standards and exigencies of 

the school or school system. 





Sug- 


Defi- 


Deter- 


iNDivrouAL Efficiency — 800 units 


gested 


cien- 


mined 




Values 


cies 


Values 


/. Physical Efficiency — 80 units 


{80) 






I. Impressions — general 


10 






2. Health — general 


20 






3. Voice 


20 






4. Habits — personal 


10 






5. Energy and endurance; power of relaxa- 








tion 


20 






II. Moral — Native Efficiency — 100 units 


{100) 






I. Self-control 


20 






2. Optimism — enthusiasm 


20 






3. Sympathy — tact 


20 






4. Industry — sense of responsibility 


10 






5. Adaptability 


10 






6. Sense of humor 


10 






7. Judicial mindedness 


10 







244 



Appendix F 



Individual Efficiency — 800 units 



///. Administrative Efficiency — 80 units 

1. Regularity at post of duty 

2. Initiative; resourcefulness 

3. Promptness and accuracy 

4. Executive capacity 

5. Economy (time, property) 

6. Cooperation (associates and superiors) 

IV. Dynamic Efficiency — 180 units 

1. Preparation. Including: a. intellectual 

capacity; b. academic education; c. 
professional training; d. command and 
use of English 

2. Professional attitudes and interest 

3. Human nature attitudes and interest 

(Appreciation of values — physical, intel- 
lectual, social, and moral, in child life) 

4. Instructional skill 

Including : 

a. Definiteness of aim and procedure 

b. Attention and interest of pupils 

c. Formality vs. vitality of instruction 

d. Motor vs. verbal methods 

e. Application of the technique of 

teaching ; organization and pres- 
entation of subject matter; the 
recitation as an artistic product 
/. Application of the technique of liv- 
ing ; extent and quality of partici- 
pation and contribution of pupils ; 
the recitation as a democratic ac- 
tivity 
' g. The tools and machinery of instruc- 
tion ; effective adaptation 
h. Assignment of work 

5. Responsiveness to directions and sugges- 

tions 

6. Governmental and directive skill 

(discipline) 

V. Projected Efficiency — ^o units 

I . Economical oversight of pupils not imme- 
diately under instruction 



Sug- 
gested 

Values 



(80) 
10 
20 
10 
20 
10 
10 

ii8o) 



20 
10 



10 
80 



Defi- 
cien- 
cies 



Deter- 
mined 
, Values 



20 



40 



(50) 



10 



Appendix F 



245 



Individual Efficiency — 800 units 


Sug- 
gested 
Values 


Defi- 
cien- 
cies 


Deter- 
mined 

Values 


2. Continuing preparation 

a. Daily; h. Weekly; c. Annual 

3. The school program 

4. Increase of professional equipment (profes- 

sional associations, study, and reading; 


10 
10 






travel) 


20 






YI. Achieved Efficiency — 250 units 

1. Respect of pupils and community 

2. Leadership; stimulation of individuals and 


{250) 
30 






community 
3. School achievement 


30 






a. Responsiveness of pupils ; readiness and 








accuracy 
b. Illustrative results 


30 
80 






c. Examinations; rate and amount of 








progress of pupils 


80 






VII. Social Efficiency — 60 units 
I. Intra-mural interests 


{60) 
30 






2. Extra-mural interests 








<2. Cviltural and ethical 


10 






h. Civic 


10 






c. School — patrons 


10 






Total Individual Efl&ciency 


800 







Directed Efficiency — 200 units 


Sug- 
gested 

Values 


Defi- 
cien- 
cies 


Deter- 
mined 
Valu-es 


/. Supervisory Efficiency — 200 units 

1. Constructive criticism 

2. Non-interfering supervision 

3. Community encouragement 

4. Professional confidence 

5. Recognition of individuality 


{200) 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 






Total Directed Efficiency 


200 







246 Appendix F 

Summary 

Determined Individual Efficiency units 

Determined Directed Efficiency units 

Total Efficiency units 

SPECIAL NOTE 

It is believed that this analytical plan for the study of teaching merit will be 
of the greater service if placed directly in the hands of teachers for their own 
guidance, and as a basis for cooperative effort between teachers and supervisors. 
The plan is not intended to be used as a score card by inspectors. 

While the nimierical values assigned to the several items are thought to 
represent general proportional worths, they may be considered as arbitrary, and 
as affording merely a convenient device for the recording of objective judgments 
and for the better diagnosis of defects. 

Selected Success-Grades 

The following law and success schedules illustrate the plan in use 
in a neighboring state. 

(1903, p. 291. Approved March 9, 1903. In force April 23, 1903.) 

Items for Success-Grades. — i. The State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction is hereby required to provide from time to time 
such schedule of items as should, in his judgment, enter into the 
record and grading in the item of a teacher's success by the City, 
Town, and County Superintendent of schools. 

Superintendents furnish Items. — 2. It shall be the duty of the 
City, Town, and County Superintendents of schools to visit each 
year the teachers under their charge and supervision, and from 
personal inspection and otherwise make an itemized statement and 
grading of the success of each teacher under their charge, and in 
accordance with the rules and schedule of the State Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, as provided in Section i of this act. 

Issuance and Record of Success Statement. — 3. It shall be the 
duty of each school superintendent to issue over his signature 
and deliver to each teacher under his supervision, not later than 



Appe^tdix F 247 

July I, each year, such a statement of the success of each as is 
contemplated in Section 2 of this act, and shall keep on file in a per- 
manent record book duplicates of all such statements. A teacher's 
success-grade so issued shall be his legal success-grade for one year 
from the date of its issuance. 

SCHEDULES OF SUCCESS ITEMS 
Form I 

FOR THE USE OF COUNTY SXJPERINTENDENTS 



77. 



Qualification 




to 20 


I. Natural ability and personality 


(0 to 10) 




2, Scholarship 


(oto 5) 




3. Professional training 


(oto 5) 




The recitation 




to 40 


I. Subject matter — appropriateness of 


(0 to 5) 




2. Purpose 


(0 to 5) 




3. Plan 


(0 to 5) 




4. Preparation — 






a. Teacher 


(0 to s) 




h. Pupils 


(0 to 5) 




5. SkiU 


(0 to 5) 




6. Thoroughness 


(0 to s) 




7. Assignment 


(0 to s) 





III. Relation of Teacher to the School and Community o to 40 

1. Classification and gradation (o to 5) 

2. Industry, and interest in the aims and plans of the 

school community (o to 5) 

3. Governing ability (o to 10) 

4. Sanitary conditions and neatness (o to 5) 

5. Care of school property, keeping records, making 

reports (o to 5) 

6. Cooperation with other teachers, the Trustee, and 

County Superintendent (o to 5) 

7. Libraries, reading circles, and journals (o to 5) 



Total % 

Teacher 

County Superintendent. 
191- 



248 Appendix F 



Form II 

■FOR THE USE OF CITY AND TOWN SUPERINTENDENTS DESIRING A 

BRIEF SCHEDULE 

/. Teaching ability ^j;% 

1. Professional attainment (20%) 

2. Conduct of the recitation (iS%) 

3. Results in scholarship of pupils (20%) 

II. Governing and Disciplinary Ability jo% 

1. Moral and social influence on pupils and community (10%) 

2. Ability to develop self-reliance, industry, integrity, 

fidelity, etc. (10%) 

3. Personality of the teacher (10%) 

III. Professional and Community Interest i^% 

1. Cooperation with other teachers and supervisors (S%) 

2. Interest in aims and plans of the school (5%) 

3. Professional ambition and growth (5%) 



Total % 

Teadier 



rp w Superintendent* 



Town __ 
191- 

FORM III 

FOR THE USE OF QTY AND TOWN SUPERINTENDENTS DESIRING A MORE 

DETAILED SCHEDULE 

I. Teaching Ability 55% 

A. Professional attainment (20%) 

1. Scholastic preparation 

2. Professional training 

B. The recitation (iS%) 

1. Preparation of teacher and pupils 

2. Appropriateness of subject matter 

3. Definiteness of aim and purpose 

4. Skill in questioning 

5. Progression in plan 

6. Care in assignments of lessons 
7.. Balancing of lines of work 

C. Results in scholarship of pupils (20%) 

1. Acquisition of facts and relations 

2. Accuracy 

3. General information 

4. Awakening of scholarly interests 

5. Clearness and elegance of expression 



Appendix F 249 

II. Governing and Disciplinary Ability 30% 

A. Moral and social influence on pupils and community (10%) 
Ability to develop in the pupils the altruistic virtues — 

recognition of law and social rights 

B. Ability to develop egoistic virtues — industry, honesty, 

reliability, fidelity, etc. (10%) 

C. Personality and appearance of teacher (10%) 
Personal and moral worth and influence, habits, dis- 
position, health, attire, sympathy, energy, manliness 

or womanliness, honesty, etc. 

///. Professional and Community Interest i^% 

A. Cooperation with other teachers and with supervisors (s%) 

B. Interest in aims and plans of school community (S%) 

1. Care of school property — 

a. Protection of supplies and furniture 

b. Neatness 

c. School decoration 

2. Building up of strong school sentiment in the com- 

munity 

3. Educational, literary, or social club work 

C. Professional pursuits (S%) 

1. Present lines of professional study 

2. Reading of educational literature 

3. Attendance upon summer schools, institutes, and 

associations 



Total % 

Teacher 



rJ ^ [ Superintendent. 



191- 



Form I, as indicated, is for the use of County Superintendents in 
grading the teachers under their supervision. Form II is for the 
Town and City Superintendents. Form III is a detailed analysis 
of Form II, and is intended more especially for the guidance of 
teachers in their study, but may be used by the City and Town 
Superintendents desiring the longer form. 

The City and Town Superintendents should hand the success- 
grades to their teachers not later than July ist each year, and for- 
ward copies of the same to the County Superintendents, who will 
keep the ofl&cial success records for the counties. 

The County Superintendents should ask the County Councils 



250 Appendix F 

to provide supplies of blanks and records made necessary by the 
passage of this act. 

The following explanations of the schedule are submitted: By 
"scholastic preparation" is meant the time spent in study in some 
of the higher educational institutions in addition to the scholarship 
as shown on license. Teachers should be encouraged to study at 
least four years in advance of the work they are engaged in. A 
high school teacher should have a four years' college course, and a 
grade teacher at least a four years' high school course, etc. 

The teacher who is really interested professionally is the one who 
seeks most persistently to better fit herself both by scholastic and 
professional training for more thorough work. Experience is 
sometimes counted by Superintendents as a large factor in marking 
success, but the teacher who has taught twenty or more years may 
have shown in all that time no professional interest and little ability, 
and may have been unwilling to spend any of her time or money in 
real preparation for her work. It seems to me that a teacher who 
is willing to teach ten or twelve years without first having made 
extensive preparation for good work in some first-class school, 
ought to be ranked very low in success. 

The remaining items under I and II will be readily understood. 

By "Community Interest" is meant the cooperation of teacher 
with the other teachers and the Principal or Superintendent in 
furthering the aims and plans of the school community. Many 
teachers who are satisfactory in their schoolroom work do not fit 
into the community life of the school. They are controlled by 
little troubles of various kinds, and are often exclusive and self- 
centered. This always gives annoyance to the Principal and keeps 
him constantly adjusting troubles. Again, many good teachers 
are without ambition to assist in the general welfare of the school. 
They look after their own room, but give no time or attention to 
help carry out the suggestions from the Principal or Superintendent. 
The best teacher cooperates heartily with her Principal, her Super- 
intendent, and associates in all movements for the improvement of 
the school and the school community. 

\ "Professional Pursuits" is an important item. A teacher who is 
satisfied simply to teach school without investigating and improv- 



Appendix F 251 

ing, except as suggested by the Principal or Superintendent, is not 
doing her best. She should be interested in good works on peda- 
gogy, psychology, methods, etc. Her reading of school periodicals, 
attendance upon educational gatherings, her knowledge of current 
events and the literature of the day, are all important factors to 
be considered in marking the success-grade. 

The difficulty in applying these schedules will be in marking the 
details. After having marked the items conscientiously, the Super- 
intendent often finds that he does not give his real estimate of the 
teacher. He feels that it is too much or too little, especially when 
she is compared with other teachers whom he has marked just as 
carefully on the same plan. 

The Superintendent should have in mind all the items mentioned 
in the schedules, but it will be difficult to mark them separately. 
After all, one's ''general impression" of a school is a better guide 
than the summary of the several items, especially when the Super- 
intendent is in doubt. 

A teacher is successful when she is training her children to love 
order, obedience, politeness, and to have reverence for things 
sacred. In judging the work of a gardener we pay very little atten- 
tion to the "method" of planting, sowing, cultivating, or reaping, 
but the emphasis is placed upon the growing plant in its various 
stages, and to the finished product. Likewise, in passing judgment 
upon the work of the teacher, the general spirit of the school, 
rather than the detailed analysis; the "general impression" of 
the teacher's worth instead of the grading of the several items, 
should guide the Superintendent in marking the success-grades. 

Appeal from Statement. — 4. The State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction is hereby authorized to investigate and revise such 
cases of unfair grading in the items of a teacher's success as may be 
brought to his attention in a written appeal, made and sworn to 
before any person authorized to administer oaths, not later than 
thirty days after the issuance of said grade. All such sworn state- 
ments and papers relating to the case shall be filed with the County 
Superintendent of schools, and shall by him be forwarded to the 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction within ten days after 
the filing of such appeal. 



INDEX 



In many respects the Analytical Table of Contents given at the beginning of this 
book forms a better index than can be given here, as it is arranged in the same logi- 
cal form as the Constitution and Code. For convenience in consulting the material 
contained in this volume the following alphabetical index is added. 



Administration of school system 
Advisory county educational 

boards 

Age limits for schooling . . 
Agricultural education — 

County schools for . . 

County schools, courses in 

Division of, in state dept. 
Apportionment of f imds — 

Basis of 

Basis of, for state fund 

Coimty school tax . . . 

State school-fund income 
Attendance and term . . 
Attendance-officer — 

Appointment of . . . . 

Comr. Educ. may remove . 
Average daily attendance de- 
fined 



Page 
5 

47 



93 
94 
30 

114 
123 
120 
120 



{46 
179 
207 



Blind children — Education of 201 

Bonds — School district . . 129 

Sale and redemption of , . 130 
Buildings, School — 

Approval of plans for . . 127 

Care of, by janitors . . . 132 

Condemnation of . . . . 128 

Erection of 128 

Insurance of 133 

Plumbing facilities ... . 127 

Sanitary surveys of ... 128 

State aid for consolidated . 131 
State aid for coimty schools of 

agriculture 132 

State plans for 126 

Suitable accommodations re- 
quired 125 

Tax for, or bonding . . . 129 

Use of ....... . 126 



Sec- 
tion 

4 

22 
63 

81 
82 
12 

113 
120 

115 
116 

63 
20 

53 
248 



107 103 



239 
130 

131 

125 
135 
127 
127 
136 
126 
127 
133 

134 
124 

121 
129 
123 



Page 

27 
78 



Sec- 
tion 

12 
51 



Business division of state depart- 
ment of education . . . 
Business manager in cities . . 

Census, School — 

A continuing census . . . 187 223 

Maintaining the same . . 187 224 

New census to be taken . . 185 221 

Census board in cities . . . 189 226 

Certificates, teachers — 

City-district certificates . . 172 196 

Elementary-school . . . 155 172 

Health-officer 171 192 

Intermediate-school . . . 159 175 

Kindergarten 154 170 

Librarian's 171 193 

Provisional 171 195 

School-janitor's . . . . 171 194 

Secondary-school .... 161 177 

Special 169 190 

Supervisory 163 180 

Vocational 166 183 

Validity of, for teaching . . 181 215 

Certification of teachers — 

Certificates continued . . 148 161 

Certificates required . . . 148 160 

Interstate comity . . . . 150 164 

Ntmiber of examinations . 150 165 

Registration required . . . 151 166 

State system of . . . . 149 162 

Success schedules for . . . 151 167 

Suspension and revocation . 153 169 

Charitable and penal institutions 6 5 

Child labor — When prohibited 202 240 
Age certificates and working 

permits . .... 203 241 

Child welfare division in state 

department of education . 31 la 

City and county governments 

combined 80 55 



253 



254 



Index 



Page 
City boards of education — 

Constitution of 64 

General powers of ... . 10 
Powers and duties of . . . 76 
City industrial and trade 

schools 94 

City normal schools .... 108 
City school-districts — 

Creation of 65 

Powers of boards for . . . 71 
City school-district certificates. 

{See Certificates.) 
City superintendent of edu- 
cation — 
Appointment of ... 
In cities of first class . . 
Clinical child psychologist . 
Commissioner of education — 
Approve county reorgani- 
zation plans 57 

May remove attendance 

officer 

Make regulations for certifi' 
cation of teachers . . 



72 

77 
136 



207 



Powers and duties 

Compulsory education - 
Age limits for . . 
Attendance elsewhere 
All schools to report 
Attendance officer's duties 
Arrest of truants 
Children exempted 
Definition of truants 
Duty of parents 
Illiterate minors 
Parental-home schools 
Constitutional mandate 
Contagious diseases . . 
County the unit for schools 
County boards of education 
Constitution . . . 
Meetings 

Powers and duties 

Secretary for ... 
Coimty educational 
tion .... 
Cotmty educational 
zation . . . 
Approval of plan 
Commission for 
County school tax 



orgamza- 



reorgani 



149 

Us 

190 
192 
193 
195 
195 
190 
196 
192 
206 
197 
3 
137 
38 

38 
39 
10 

39 
46 

I38 

55 

57 

55 

108 



Sec- 
tion 

37 

9 

47 

^Z 
105 

39 
46 



46 

50 

140 



30 

248 

163 

6 

II 

227 
228 
230 
232 

233 
227 

234 
229 

245 
235 

I 

142 

14 

IS 
17 

9 
18 
20 

9 
14 

27 

30 

27 

105 



Page 



Sec- 
tion 



44 


19 


47 


21 


48 


23 


12 


13 



County superintendent of edu- 
cation 

Assistant superintendents 
Powers and duties .... 

Courses of study, control of . 



Deaf and dumb — Educ. of . 201 239 

Defectives and dependents — 

Education of 208 250 

Department of education, state. 
{See State department.) 

District school-tax .... 109 106 

Districts, school — 

City school-districts ... 60 34 

Classification of .... 59 33 

Control of f J^ ^^ 

I 61 35 

Joint districts 60 z>i 

School vs. civil 4 3 

Editorial division of state depart- 
ment of education ... 35 la 

Educational board, County ad- 
visory 47 

Elections, school 67 

Electors and ballots .... 69 

Elementary education division 
of state department of edu- 
cation 32 

Elementary schools .... 81 

Elementary school instruction 86 

Examining division of state de- 
partment of education . 33 12 

Exclusion from schools • • •{ o 

I 138 144 

Extension division of state de- 
partment of education . 34 12 
Extension education .... 12 14 



Fiscal year .... 
Fund, state school 
Funds, use of different 



22 
40 
43 



13 

57 

68 



112 no 
112 no 
121 118 



Health examinations . . . . 137 141 

Health-officer certificates. {Set 
Certificates.) 

Health supervision and instruc- 
tion required 134 137 

Health supervisors — certifi- 
cation of 134 138 

Health work in the schools — 

Purposes of 135 139 

Holidays, school 85 66 



Index 



255 



Page 

Illiterate minors to attend 

school 206 

Industrial education division of 

state department of education 34 

Industrial schools in cities . . 

Industrial schools — instruc- 
tion in 

Information division of state 
department of education 

Institutes — Annual .... 

Local meetings 182 

State district meetings . . 
State department to assist . 

Instruction, language of . . 

Intermediate schools . . . 

Intermediate school instruction 

Intermediate school certificates. 
{See Certificates.) 

Janitor's certificates. {Sa 
Certificates.) 

Kindergartens 83 

Kindergarten certificates. (5«# 
Certificates.) 

LaAguage of instruction . . 88 
Leg^l division of state depart- 
ment of education ... 28 
Legislation, state board to rec- 
ommend 7 

Librarians, County .... 95 
Librarian's certificates. (5e« 

Certificates.) 
Librarian, state — 

Appointment of .... 30 
Head of library system . . 98 

Libraries, county 95 

Cities may join 98 

Covmty branches .... 95 

Schools and 97 

Library, state — 

Control of 7 

Division of state department 
of education 3° 

Museum, state — 

Control of 7 

Division of state department 
of education 30 



Sec- 
tion 

24s 



-^ZA 


12 


94 


83 


95 


84 


34 


12 


182 


218 


182 


217 


183 


220 


183 


219 


88 


71 


82 


58 


87 


69 



60 
71 

12 

5 
87 



91 
86 
90 



89 



12 



N^nxtes, special schools for 



4 
83 



2 
62 



Page 



Normal schools — 

City 

Courses of instruction in . . 
Graduates certificated . . 
Government of each school 
Local training schools . . 
Powers and duties of trustees 

State schools 

To whom open 



Sec- 
tion 



146 156 

143 152 

145 155 

144 153 

146 156 
144 154 
143 ISO 
143 151 



Oversight and control of schools 18 



Parental-home schools . . 
Commitment to ... 
Parochial schools .... 
Approval for attendance at 
Exemption from taxation 
Reports reqmred from 
Paroled children . . . 
Pensions for teachers 
Pensions — basis of plan 
Poor-relief for children . 
Private schools — 
Approval for attendance 
Exemption from taxation 
Reports required from 
Public education not exclusive 
Publication of state department 
of education 



197 235 

198 236 

209 252 

213 258 

211 254 

200 237 

176 206 

177 207 
200 238 

209 252 

213 258 

211 254 

209 251 



35 13 



Reading-circle board . . . 178 

Reading-circle books . . . 178 

Reading-circle examinations . 180 

Reading-circle exemptions . . 181 

Reading-circle syllabus . . . 179 

Reports of state board of edu- f 7 

cation [35 

Rural-education division of 
state department of edu- 
cation 31 

Sanitary control | q 

Sanitary division of state de- 
partment of education . 30 
Sanitary surveys of buildings . 128 
School corporations .... 4 
School corporations and taxation 11 
School districts. {See Districts.) 
Schoolhouse-construction divi- 
sion of state department 

of education 30 

School census. {Set Census.) 



208 
209 
213 
216 
211 
5 
13 



12 

142 

145 

12 

127 

3 

10 



12 



256 



Index 



Page 
School fund, state . . . -{105 

Income from 1 120 

School funds, local .... 107 

School supplies to be furnished 142 

f 4 

Schools, types of, provided for -j 13 

[18 
Schools, classification of . . 81 
Secondary-education division of 
state department of edu- 
cation 32 

Secondary schools 82 

Secondary-school advantages . 89 

Secondary-school instiruction . 88 
Secretary county boards of edu- 
cation — 

Appointment of .... 46 

Powers and duties .... 52 

Sectarian schools and aid . . 11 

Sectarian schools and taxation 213 
Special certificates. {See Cer- 
tificates.) 

Special-class schools .... 83 

Special-class-education division 
of state department of edu- 
cation ....... 32 

State board of education . . 5 

Constitution ig 

Executive officers .... 20 

Expenses of 107 

f 6 
General powers and duties j 

State commissioner of educa- 
tion. {See Commissioner.) 
State department of education — 

Divisions of 27 

Organization of 24 

Publications of 35 

State educational organization 17 

State school-tax 106 

Apportionment of proceeds of 113 
State normal schools. {See 

Normal schools.) 
State teachers college . . . 147 
State university. {See Univer- 
sity of Osceola.) 
Statistical division of state de- 
partment of education . 29 

Study, courses of 12 

Subdistricts — classification of 59 

Taxes in no 



Sec- 
tion 

7 
100 
III 
116 
104 
149 

2 
14 

2 
57 



12 

57 
72 
70 



20 

24 

II 

258 



61 



12 
5 
4 
6 
102 
5 
7 



158 



12 
13 

33 

107 



Subdistrict school officers . . 62 36 
Subdistrict school boards — 

Powers and duties of . . . 70 45 
Success-grades — Yearly . . 152 168 
Success-grades on reading-circle 

work 180 214 

Success schedules for teachers . 151 167 
Superintendent of education — 

In cities 72 46 

In cities of ist class ... 77 50 
Superintendents of schools — 
County. {See Coimty su- 
perintendent.) 
State. {See Commissioner of 
education.) 

Tenure of 175 204 

Superintendent of school prop- 
erties 78 52 

Superintendent of school-at- 
tendance 70 SS 

Supervisory certificates. (5e# 
Certificates.) 

System — a state school system \ 

f ^ ^ 
Scope of ] 18 2 

1 81 56 



Tax — County school-tax 
District taxation , . 
State school .... 

Taxation for education . . 
By school corporations . 

Taxation — Exemptions from 

Taxes — Certifying for levy 

Limits of levy .... 

Subdistrict . . . . . 
Teachers — 

Appeals after dismissal . 

Causes for dismissal . . 

Certification of. {See Cer- 
tificates.) 

Indefinite tenure . . 

Pay of 

Pensions for .... 

Preliminary appointments 
Tenure of teachers . . 
Term of school required 
Text-books — Selection of 

State approved lists . 

To be furnished free . 

Units for adoptions 



108 


105 


109 


105 


106 


XOI 


9 


8 


II 


lO 


12 


12 


213 


258 


no 


108 


III 


109 


no 


107 


175 


203 


175 


202 


174 


200 


176 


205 


176 


206 


173 


199 


173 


199 


12 


14 


12 


13 


140 


147 


141 


148 


140 


146 



Index 



257 



Page 

Time of term 85 

Trade and industrial schools . 94 

Instruction in 95 

Training-of-teachers division of 
state department of edu- 
cation Z2> 

(Also see Normal schools.) 

City normal schools . . . 146 

County training classes . . 146 

State teachers college . . 147 

University of Osceola ... 13 

Admission to 91 

Culmination of state system 100 

Government of 100 

Instruction in 103 

Regents' duties loi 



Sec- 
tion 

65 

S3 



157 
156 
158 

15 

77 
93 
94 
97 
95 



Page 



Sec- 



Scope of instruction in . . 

Support of 

The standard of measure 

Vaccination required . . . 
Vocational education . . . 
Certificates. {Sec Certifi- 
cates.) 

Definitions of 

Division of in state depart- 
ment of education . . . 
Nature of instruction . , . 

Working permits — 

Employers must exhibit . . 

Nature and use of ... . 

Papers required for . . . 



104 


98 


103 


96 


los 


99 


138 


143 


92 


78 



92 79 



34 
92 



12 
80 



205 244 
205 243 
204 242 



T 



HE following pages contain advertisements of a 
few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects. 



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